Table 3.

Results of moderator analyses of negative affect.

Moderator	Level	k	Estimate	[95% CI]	p	p for diff
Task	Feedback (Ref)	8	0.212	[0.057, 0.367]	0.0074
	Stand	7	0.184	[0.021, 0.347]	0.0269	0.810
	Stick	15	0.235	[0.126, 0.344]	<0.0001	0.810
Instruction	Implicit (Ref)	10	0.103	[−0.018, 0.225]	0.0959
	Explicit	17	0.249	[0.159, 0.339]	<0.0001	0.059
	Explicit-converted	3	0.389	[0.155, 0.624]	0.0012	0.034
Stimulus type	Faces (Ref)	16	0.134	[0.034, 0.235]	0.0089
	Pictures	5	0.322	[0.143, 0.502]	0.0279	0.074
	Words	5	0.277	[0.119, 0.434]	0.0006	0.136
	Relevant	4	0.348	[0.107, 0.589]	0.0047	0.110
Design	Independent	1	0.504	[−0.301, 1.308]	0.220
	Repeated	29	0.214	[0.138, 0.290]	<0.0001	0.482
Valence	Explicit	24	0.203	[0.130, 0.2761]	<0.0001
	Implicit	1	0.518	[0.159, 0.8775]	0.0047	0.092

Note. Ref, reference level that was deemed most informative for the comparison; k, number of studies; [95% CI], 95% confidence interval; p, p-value for each level; p for diff, p-value for difference between respective level and reference level. Task: Stand, vertical button stand; Joystick, joystick/lever; Feedback, feedback-joystick. Stimulus type: Words, emotional words; Pictures, emotional pictures; Faces, emotional facial expressions; Relevant, personally relevant stimuli. Design: Repeated, repeated measures design; Independent, independent groups design. Valence: Explicit, explicitly valenced stimuli; Implicit, implicitly valenced stimuli.