Table 4.

Results of subset analyses of negative affect after exclusion of studies with implicit instructions.

Moderator	Level	k	Estimate	[95% CI]	p	p for diff
Task	Feedback (Ref)	2	0.244	[−0.017, 0.505]	0.067
	Stand	6	0.251	[0.094, 0.408]	0.0017	0.964
	Stick	12	0.278	[0.173, 0.382]	<0.0001	0.815
Instruction	Explicit	17	0.248	[0.165, 0.331]	<0.0001
	Explicit-converted	3	0.385	[0.169, 0.601]	0.0005	0.246
Stimulus type	Faces (Ref)	9	0.202	[0.076, 0.328]	0.0017
	Pictures	5	0.317	[0.158, 0.476]	<0.0001	0.266
	Words	5	0.272	[0.135, 0.408]	<0.0001	0.463
	Relevant	1	0.769	[0.222, 1.316]	0.0058	0.048
Design	Independent	1	0.504	[−0.273, 1.281]	0.204
	Repeated	19	0.263	[0.185, 0.341]	<0.0001	0.546
Valence	Explicit	19	0.247	[0.173, 0.320]	<0.0001
	Implicit	1	0.518	[0.227, 0.809]	0.0005	0.076

Note. Ref, reference level that was deemed most informative for the comparison; k, number of studies; [95% CI], 95% confidence interval; p, p-value for each level; p for diff, p-value for difference between respective level and reference level. Task: Stand, vertical button stand; Joystick, joystick/lever; Feedback, feedback-joystick. Stimulus type: Words, emotional words; Pictures, emotional pictures; Faces, emotional facial expressions; Relevant, personally relevant stimuli. Design: Repeated, repeated measures design; Independent, independent groups design. Valence: Explicit, explicitly valenced stimuli; Implicit, implicitly valenced stimuli.