Table 5.

Results of moderator analyses of both affects.

Moderator	Level	k	Estimate	[95% CI]	p	p for diff
Task	Feedback (Ref)	1	0.094	[−0.323, 0.511]	0.659
	Abstract	3	0.281	[0.030, 0.532]	0.028	0.450
	Stand	1	0.662	[0.212, 1.111]	0.0039	0.069
	Stick	17	0.305	[0.187, 0.423]	<0.0001	0.340
Instruction	Implicit (Ref)	6	0.076	[−0.027, 0.180]	0.1447
	Explicit	9	0.403	[0.286, 0.521]	<0.0001	<0.0001
	Explicit-converted	7	0.433	[0.295, 0.571]	<0.0001	<0.0001
Stimulus type	Faces (Ref)	3	0.146	[−0.123, 0.415]	0.2861
	Pictures	4	0.321	[0.071, 0.571]	0.0119	0.352
	Words	15	0.343	[0.215, 0.472]	<0.0001	0.194
Design	Independent	2	0.749	[0.190, 1.305]	0.0086
	Repeated	20	0.291	[0.190, 0.393]	<0.0001	0.115
Valence	Explicit	20	0.297	[0.187, 0.406]	<0.0001
	Implicit	2	0.409	[0.088, 0.730]	0.0126	0.517

Note. Ref, reference level that was deemed most informative for the comparison; k, number of studies; [95% CI], 95% confidence interval; p, p-value for each level; p for diff, p-value for difference between respective level and reference level. Task: Stand, vertical button stand; Joystick, joystick/lever; Feedback, feedback-joystick; Abstract, abstract manikin task. Stimulus type: Words, emotional words; Pictures, emotional pictures; Faces, emotional facial expressions. Design: Repeated, repeated measures design; Independent, independent groups design. Valence: Explicit, explicitly valenced stimuli; Implicit, implicitly valenced stimuli.