Table 3.
Studies in critically ill patients describing the association with fluid overload and worse outcome
| Study | Design | Population | Exposures | Outcomes |
| Pediatric Studies | ||||
| Goldstein et al[33] | Retrospective | Pediatric critically ill starting CRRT | % FO | ↑ % FO associated with ↑ mortality |
| Foland et al[60] | Retrospective | Pediatric critically ill starting CRRT | % FO | ↑ % FO associated with ↑ organ dysfunction + mortality |
| Sutherland et al[31] | Retrospective | Pediatric critically ill starting CRRT | % FO | ↑ % FO associated with ↑ mortality |
| Arikan et al[30] | Retrospective | Pediatric critically ill starting CRRT | % FO | ↑ % FO associated with ↓ lung function |
| Adult Studies | ||||
| Payen et al[61] | Post-hoc prospective | Adult critically ill septic patients | FB | ↑ FB associated with ↑ mortality |
| Murphy et al[62] | Retrospective | Adult critically ill ALI patients | AIFR + CLFM | ↑ Survival for ↑ AIFR + ↑ CLFM |
| Bouchard et al[63] | Post-hoc prospective | Adult critically ill AKI patients | % FO > 10% | ↑ FB associated with ↑ mortality |
| Wiedemann et al[36] | RCT | Adult critically ill with ALI | Conservative vs liberal fluid management strategy | ↑ MV-free days; ↑ ICU-free days with conservative strategy |
| Fulop et al[64] | Retrospective | Adult critically ill starting CRRT | VRWG | ↑ VRWG associated with ↑ mortality |
| Boyd et al[65] | Post-hoc analysis from VASST | Adult critically ill septic patients | Quartiles of FB + CVP at 12 h and 4 d | ↑ FB at 12 h and 4 d associated with ↑ mortality; CVP < 8 at 12 h ↓ mortality |
| Grams et al[66] | Post-hoc FACCT | Adult critically ill with ALI + AKI | FB + diuretics | ↑ FB associated with ↑ mortality |
| Heung et al[67] | Retrospective | Adult critically ill starting CRRT | % FO | ↑ % FO associated with ↓ kidney recovery |
| Bellomo et al[68] | Post-hoc RENAL | Adult critically ill with AKI | FB | ↑ FB associated with ↑ mortality |
Adapted from Raghunathan et al[58]. ALI: Acute lung injury; AIFR: Adequate initial fluid resuscitation; CLFM: Conservative late fluid management; VRWG: Volume-related weight gain; AKI: Acute kidney injury; CVP: Central venous pressure; ICU: Intensive care unit; RCT: Randomized clinical trial.