Table 2.
Women without diabetes (n = 26,793) | Women with diabetes (n = 1,513) | P-value | Women with pre-existing diabetes (n = 289) | Women with GDM (n = 1,224) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics and risks |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age (years) |
24.7 (5.8) |
28.9 (6.2) |
<0.001 |
29.2 (6.03) |
28.8 (6.27) |
0.407 |
Rural |
51.8 (51.2-52.4) |
52.5 (49.9-55.0) |
0.614 |
55.4 (49.43-61.18) |
51.8 (48.96-54.63) |
0.275 |
Weight ≥ 91 kg |
10.8 (10.5-11.2) |
31.7 (29.3-34.1) |
<0.001 |
37.0 (31.44-42.87) |
30.4 (27.85-33.08) |
0.030 |
Pre-existing hypertension |
0.9 (0.8-1.0) |
4.2 (3.3-5.4) |
<0.001 |
9.3 (6.25-13.30) |
3.0 (2.14-4.14) |
<0.001 |
Pregnancy induced hypertension |
4.4 (4.2-4.7) |
8.1 (6.7-9.7) |
<0.001 |
10.0 (6.82-14.09) |
11.3 (9.56-13.18) |
0.545 |
Proteinuria |
2.4 (2.2-2.6) |
5.6 (4.5-6.9) |
<0.001 |
7.6 (4.83-11.30) |
5.2 (3.98-6.54) |
0.102 |
Anemia |
2.3 (2.1-2.5) |
1.3 (0.8-2.0) |
0.013 |
0.7 (0.08-2.48) |
1.5 (0.87-2.31) |
0.297 |
Smoker |
54.7 (54.1-55.3) |
49.4 (46.8-51.9) |
<0.001 |
48.1 (42.21-54.02) |
49.7 (46.83-52.51) |
0.630 |
Alcohol anytime |
10.4 (10.0-11.0) |
7.8 (6.2-9.8) |
0.001 |
6.9 (3.71-12.33) |
7.9 (6.15-10.08) |
0.285 |
Drug dependant |
6.6 (6.3-6.9) |
3.5 (2.6-4.6) |
<0.001 |
4.9 (2.69-8.05) |
3.2 (2.25-4.32) |
0.155 |
Antepartum risk ≥ 7 |
10.4 (10.1-10.8) |
30.7 (28.4-33.1) |
<0.001 |
47.1 (41.19-52.99) |
26.9 (24.41-29.46) |
<0.001 |
Pregnancy Outcomes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Induction of labour |
23.8 (23.1-24.3) |
41.7 (39.2-44.2) |
<0.001 |
33.6 (28.14-39.33) |
43.6 (40.83-46.46) |
0.002 |
Cesarean section |
19.1 (18.6-19.5) |
35.4 (33.0-37.8) |
<0.001 |
46.7 (40.85-52.65) |
32.7 (30.06-35.39) |
<0.001 |
Low birth weight |
8.0 (7.6-8.3) |
7.2 (6.0-8.6) |
0.308 |
9.0 (5.96-12.90) |
6.8 (5.45-8.35) |
0.193 |
High birth weight |
16.7 (16.3-17.2) |
29.3 (27.0-31.6) |
<0.001 |
26.3 (21.32-31.77) |
30.0 (27.39-32.61) |
0.220 |
Breastfeeding |
71.2 (70.5-72.8) |
74.7 (69.3-79.6) |
0.266 |
77.5 (61.55-89.16) |
74.2 (68.34-79.49) |
0.656 |
Preterm |
9.2 (8.9-9.6) |
17.3 (15.4-19.3) |
<0.001 |
22.8 (18.13-28.12) |
16.0 (13.96-18.15) |
0.005 |
Stillbirth |
1.2 (1.1-1.3) |
2.1 (1.5-2.9) |
0.002 |
3.8 (1.92-6.71) |
1.7 (1.07-2.61) |
0.027 |
Congenital anomaly |
1.8 (1.6-2.0) |
1.4 (0.8-2.3) |
0.437 |
3.1 (1.36-6.06) |
0.9 (0.43-1.79) |
0.032 |
Neonatal intensive care unit admission | 8.6 (8.3-9.0) | 16.7 (14.8-15.7) | <0.001 | 19.0 (14.62-24.07) | 16.1 (14.08-18.31) | 0.326 |
Data presented are mean (standard deviation) or percentage (95% confidence intervals).