Table 1.
Characteristics of 1,262 participants that reported experiencing any symptom during pregnancy versus no symptoms (2008–2010)
| |
Reporting any symptom |
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 467) | Yes (n = 795) | p-value | |
|
Mean (SD), arsenic at enrollment (μg/L) |
20.9 (70.8) |
50.0 (104.1) |
<0.0001 |
|
Median (IQR), arsenic at enrollment (μg/L) |
1.6 (0.8, 5.2) |
7.0 (1.1, 58.0) |
<0.0001
a
|
|
Mean (SD) age at enrollment (yrs) |
22.6 (4.0) |
23.1 (4.3) |
0.05 |
| |
(n) % |
(n) % |
|
|
Drinking water arsenic quartiles |
|
|
|
| Q4 (Mean: 144.7 μg/L, range: 32–1,400 μg/L) |
(68) 14.56 |
(244) 30.69 |
<0.0001 |
| Q3 (Mean: 12.0 μg/L, range: 2.1–31 μg/L) |
(77) 16.49 |
(226) 28.43 |
|
| Q2 (Mean: 1.5 μg/L; range: 0.9–2 μg/L |
(185) 39.61 |
(142) 17.86 |
|
| Q1 (Mean: 0.7 μg/L; range: 0.5–0.89 μg/L) |
(137) 29.34 |
(183) 23.02 |
|
|
BMI at time of enrollment (kg/m2) |
|
|
|
| <18.5 |
(117) 25.05 |
(246) 30.94 |
0.05 |
| 18.5–24.9 |
(299) 64.03 |
(481) 60.5 |
|
| ≥ 25.0 |
(51) 10.92 |
(68) 8.55 |
|
|
Environmental tobacco smoke |
|
|
|
| Absent |
(319) 68.6 |
(418) 52.64 |
<0.001 |
| Present |
(146) 31.4 |
(376) 47.36 |
|
| Missing |
2 |
1 |
|
|
Maternal education |
|
|
|
| Illiterate/Able to write name |
(47) 10.13 |
(144) 18.14 |
<0.0001 |
| Primary education |
(199) 42.89 |
(216) 27.2 |
|
| ≥ Secondary education |
(218) 46.98 |
(434) 54.66 |
|
| Missing |
3 |
1 |
|
|
Parity |
|
|
|
| 0 |
(214) 45.82 |
(309) 38.87 |
0.01 |
| 1-2 |
(213) 45.61 |
(385) 48.43 |
|
| ≥3 |
(40) 8.57 |
(101) 12.7 |
|
|
Anemia (hemoglobin ≤ 12 g/dL) |
|
|
|
| No |
(327) 70.32 |
(647) 81.49 |
<0.0001 |
| Yes |
(138) 29.68 |
(147) 18.51 |
|
| Missing |
2 |
1 |
|
|
Ferritin |
|
|
|
| Severe deficiency (<20 μg/L) |
(80) 18.06 |
(108) 14.3 |
0.0007 |
| Mild deficiency (20–40 μg/L) |
(138) 31.15 |
(179) 23.71 |
|
| None (>40 μg/L) |
(225) 50.79 |
(468) 61.99 |
|
| Missing |
24 |
40 |
|
|
Sanitation at home |
|
|
|
| Sanitary latrine |
(372) 79.83 |
(469) 59.14 |
<0.0001 |
| Other |
(94) 20.17 |
(324) 40.86 |
|
| Missing |
1 |
2 |
|
|
Taking herbs/medication |
|
|
|
| No |
(459) 98.5 |
(719) 90.44 |
<0.0001 |
| Yes |
(7) 1.5 |
(76) 9.56 |
|
| Missing |
1 |
0 |
|
|
Income (taka/month) |
|
|
|
| <3000 |
(45) 9.89 |
(176) 22.34 |
<0.0001 |
| 3001–5000 |
(270) 59.34 |
(412) 52.28 |
|
| ≥ 5000 |
(137) 30.11 |
(175) 22.21 |
|
| Refused/don’t know |
(3) 0.66 |
(25) 3.17 |
|
| Missing | 12 | 7 | |
aWilcoxon test performed on natural log transformed values.