Table 2.
Associations specific symptoms and select characteristics of 1,262 mothers that were followed throughout pregnancy (2008–2010)
| |
Cold/Flu/infection |
Nausea/vomiting |
Abdominal cramping |
Headache |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 1035) | Yes (n = 227) | p-value | No (n = 762) | Yes (n = 500) | p-value | No (n = 794 ) | Yes (n = 468) | p-value | No (n = 850) | Yes (n = 412) | p-value | |
|
Median (IQR) ln arsenic (μg/L) |
0.69 (−0.13, 3.47) |
0.53 (−0.15, 2.83) |
0.11 |
0.59 (−0.19, 2.91) |
1.96 (0.18, 4.11) |
<0.001 |
0.59 (−0.17, 2.71) |
2.39 (0.18, 4.21) |
<0.001 |
0.64 (−0.11, 3.26) |
1.02 (−0.15, 3.81) |
0.23 |
|
Mean (SD) age (yrs) |
22.8 (4.1) |
23.1 (4.6) |
0.46 |
22.7 (4.1) |
23.1 (4.4) |
0.09 |
22.8 (4.2) |
23 (4.1) |
0.56 |
22.9 (4.2) |
22.8 (4.1) |
0.73 |
| |
(n)
% |
(n)
% |
|
(n) % |
(n) % |
|
(n) % |
(n) % |
|
(n) % |
(n) % |
|
|
Drinking water arsenic quartiles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Q4 (High) |
(264) 25.51 |
(48) 21.15 |
0.26 |
(152) 19.95 |
(160) 32.0 |
<0.001 |
(150) 18.89 |
(162)34.62 |
<0.001 |
(195) 22.94 |
(117) 28.4 |
0.04 |
| Q3 |
(249) 24.06 |
(54) 23.79 |
|
(163) 21.39 |
(140) 28.0 |
|
(163) 20.53 |
(140) 29.91 |
|
(205) 24.12 |
(98) 23.79 |
|
| Q2 |
(260) 25.12 |
(67) 29.52 |
|
(231) 30.31 |
(96) 19.2 |
|
(262) 33.0 |
(65) 13.89 |
|
(239) 28.12 |
(88) 21.36 |
|
| Q1 (Low) |
(262) 25.31 |
(58) 25.55 |
|
(216) 28.35 |
(104) 20.8 |
|
(219) 27.58 |
(101) 21.58 |
|
(211) 24.82 |
(109) 26.46 |
|
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <18.5 |
(295) 28.5 |
(68) 29.96 |
0.07 |
(206) 27.03 |
(157) 31.4 |
0.24 |
(214) 26395 |
(149) 31.84 |
0.10 |
(243) 28.59 |
(120) 29.13 |
0.87 |
| 18.5-24.9 |
(651) 62.9 |
(129) 56.83 |
|
(481) 63.12 |
(299) 59.8 |
|
(498) 62.72 |
(282) 60.26 |
|
(529) 62.24 |
(251) 60.92 |
|
| ≥ 25.0 |
(89) 8.6 |
(30) 13.22 |
|
(75) 9.84 |
(44) 8.8 |
|
(82) 10.33 |
(37) 7.91 |
|
(78) 9.18 |
(41) 9.95 |
|
|
Second hand smoke |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absent |
(622) 60.27 |
(115) 50.66 |
0.008 |
(487) 64.16 |
(250) 50.0 |
<0.001 |
(485) 61.24 |
(252) 53.96 |
0.01 |
(524) 61.79 |
(213) 51.82 |
0.0008 |
| Present |
(410) 39.73 |
(112) 49.34 |
|
(272) 35.84 |
(250) 50.0 |
|
(307) 38.76 |
(215) 46.04 |
|
(324) 38.21 |
(198) 48.18 |
|
|
Num. missing |
3 |
0 |
|
3 |
0 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
|
Maternal education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Illiterate/able to write name |
(150) 14.55 |
(41) 18.06 |
0.41 |
(88) 11.59 |
(103) 20.64 |
<0.0001 |
(110) 13.91 |
(81) 17.34 |
0.01 |
(122) 14.4 |
(69) 16.79 |
0.02 |
| Primary education |
(343) 33.27 |
(72) 31.72 |
|
(295) 38.87 |
(120) 24.05 |
|
(284) 35.9 |
(131) 28.05 |
|
(302) 35.66 |
(113) 27.49 |
|
| ≥ Secondary education |
(538) 52.18 |
(114) 50.22 |
|
(376) 49.54 |
(276) 55.31 |
|
(397) 50.19 |
(255) 54.6 |
|
(423) 49.94 |
(229) 55.72 |
|
|
Num. missing |
4 |
0 |
|
3 |
1 |
|
3 |
1 |
|
3 |
1 |
|
|
Parity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
(430) 41.55 |
(93) 40.97 |
0.98 |
(323) 42.39 |
(200) 40.0 |
0.06 |
(348) 43.83 |
(175) 37.39 |
0.06 |
(347) 40.82 |
(176) 42.72 |
0.75 |
| 1-2 |
(490) 47.34 |
(108) 47.58 |
|
(367) 48.16 |
(231) 46.2 |
|
(365) 45.97 |
(233) 49.79 |
|
(405) 47.65 |
(193) 46.84 |
|
| ≥ 3 |
(115) 11.11 |
(26) 11.45 |
|
(72) 9.45 |
(69) 13.8 |
|
(81) 10.2 |
(60) 12.82 |
|
(98) 11.53 |
(43) 10.11 |
|
|
Anemia (hemoglobin ≤ 12 g/dL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
(802) 77.71 |
(172) 75.77 |
0.53 |
(569) 74.87 |
(405) 81.16 |
0.009 |
(572) 72.22 |
(402) 86.08 |
<0.0001 |
(652) 76.89 |
(322) 78.35 |
0.56 |
| Yes |
(230) 22.29 |
(55) 24.23 |
|
(191) 25.13 |
(94) 18.84 |
|
(220) 27.78 |
(65) 13.92 |
|
(196) 23.11 |
(89) 21.65 |
|
|
Num. missing |
3 |
0 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
|
Serum ferritin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Severe deficiency (<20 μg/L) |
(159) 16.21 |
(29) 13.36 |
0.55 |
(122) 16.87 |
(66) 13.89 |
<0.0001 |
(132) 17.79 |
(56) 12.28 |
0.02 |
(137) 16.81 |
(51) 13.32 |
0.01 |
| Mild deficiency (20–40 μg/L) |
(260) 26.5 |
(57) 26.27 |
|
(221) 30.57 |
(96) 20.21 |
|
(199) 26.82 |
(118) 25.88 |
|
(230) 28.22 |
(87) 22.72 |
|
| None (>40 μg/L) |
(562) 57.29 |
(131) 60.37 |
|
(380) 52.56 |
(313) 65.89 |
|
(411) 55.39 |
(282) 61.84 |
|
(448) 54.97 |
(245) 63.97 |
|
|
Num. missing |
54 |
10 |
|
39 |
25 |
|
52 |
12 |
|
35 |
29 |
|
|
Sanitation at home |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sanitary latrine |
(715) 69.22 |
(126) 55.75 |
<0.0001 |
(542) 71.32 |
(299) 59.92 |
<0.0001 |
(580) 73.23 |
(261) 55.89 |
<0.0001 |
(601) 29.04 |
(240) 58.25 |
<0.0001 |
| Other |
(318) 30.78 |
(100) 44.25 |
|
(218) 28.68 |
(200) 40.08 |
|
(212) 26.77 |
(206) 44.11 |
|
(246) 29.04 |
(172) 41.75 |
|
|
Num. missing |
2 |
1 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
3 |
0 |
|
|
Taking herbs/medication |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
(988) 95.55 |
(190) 83.7 |
<0.0001 |
(739) 97.11 |
(439) 87.8 |
<0.0001 |
(763) 96.22 |
(415) 88.68 |
<0.0001 |
(818) 96.35 |
(360) 87.38 |
<0.0001 |
| Yes |
(46) 4.45 |
(37) 16.3 |
|
(22) 2.89 |
(61) 12.2 |
|
(30) 3.78 |
(53) 11.32 |
|
(31) 3.65 |
(52) 12.62 |
|
|
Num. missing |
1 |
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
|
|
Income (taka/month) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <3000 |
(185) 18.17 |
(36) 16.0 |
0.70 |
(111) 14.84 |
(110) 22.22 |
<0.0001 |
(97) 12.47 |
(124) 26.67 |
<0.0001 |
(133) 15.95 |
(88) 21.52 |
0.006 |
| 3001-5000 |
(558) 54.81 |
(124) 55.11 |
|
(422) 56.42 |
(260) 52.53 |
|
(451) 57.97 |
(231) 49.68 |
|
(474) 56.83 |
(208) 50.86 |
|
| ≥ 5000 |
(254) 24.95 |
(58) 25.78 |
|
(203) 27.14 |
(109) 22.02 |
|
(215) 27.63 |
(97) 20.86 |
|
(214) 25.66 |
(98) 23.96 |
|
| Refused/don’t know |
(21) 2.06 |
(7) 3.11 |
|
(12) 1.6 |
(16) 3.23 |
|
(15) 1.93 |
(13) 2.8 |
|
(13) 1.56 |
(15) 3.67 |
|
| Num. missing | 17 | 2 | 14 | 5 | 16 | 3 | 16 | 3 | ||||