Table 1.
Covariates by treatment (intrapartum antibiotics) and outcome (neonatal sepsis)
| |
Treatment - intrapartum antibiotics |
Outcome - sepsis |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # no abx (n) | % | # with abx (n) | % | p-value | # no sepsis (n) | % | # with sepsis (n) | % | p-value | |
| Total |
552 |
|
48 |
|
|
523 |
|
77 |
|
|
| Preterm |
62 |
11.23 |
4 |
8.33 |
|
53 |
10.13 |
13 |
16.88 |
|
| No preterm |
398 |
72.1 |
38 |
79.17 |
0.468 |
386 |
73.8 |
50 |
64.94 |
0.060 |
| Missing |
92 |
16.67 |
6 |
12.5 |
0.574 |
84 |
16.06 |
14 |
18.18 |
0.158 |
| Low birth weight <2500 grams |
92 |
16.67 |
7 |
14.58 |
|
85 |
16.25 |
14 |
18.18 |
|
| Not low birth weight |
419 |
75.91 |
38 |
79.17 |
0.681 |
398 |
76.1 |
59 |
76.62 |
0.742 |
| Missing |
41 |
7.43 |
3 |
6.25 |
0.878 |
40 |
7.65 |
4 |
5.19 |
0.703 |
| No tetanus toxoid |
58 |
10.51 |
4 |
8.33 |
|
52 |
9.94 |
10 |
12.99 |
|
| Received tetanus toxoid |
493 |
89.31 |
43 |
89.58 |
0.663 |
467 |
89.67 |
67 |
87.01 |
0.419 |
| Missing |
1 |
0.18 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.082 |
2 |
0.38 |
0 |
0 |
0.622 |
| Antenatal care from a provider other than doctor |
409 |
74.09 |
25 |
52.08 |
|
376 |
71.89 |
58 |
75.32 |
|
| Antenatal care from doctor |
123 |
22.28 |
21 |
43.75 |
0.001 |
127 |
24.28 |
17 |
22.08 |
0.630 |
| Missing |
20 |
3.62 |
2 |
4.17 |
0.003 |
20 |
3.82 |
2 |
2.6 |
0.771 |
| Mom no schooling |
114 |
20.65 |
6 |
12.5 |
|
100 |
19.12 |
20 |
25.97 |
|
| Mom schooling |
438 |
79.35 |
41 |
85.42 |
0.195 |
422 |
80.96 |
57 |
74.03 |
0.163 |
| Missing |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.001 |
1 |
0.19 |
0 |
74.03 |
0.351 |
| Maternal age < =22 |
272 |
49.28 |
22 |
45.83 |
|
253 |
48.37 |
41 |
53.25 |
|
| Maternal age >22 |
280 |
50.72 |
26 |
54.17 |
0.647 |
270 |
51.63 |
36 |
46.75 |
0.425 |
| Roof tin, straw, leaf, bamboo |
431 |
78.08 |
32 |
66.67 |
|
399 |
76.29 |
64 |
83.12 |
|
| Roof concrete, brick, cement |
121 |
21.92 |
16 |
33.33 |
0.071 |
124 |
23.71 |
13 |
16.88 |
0.183 |
| Wall tin, straw, leaf, bamboo, mud |
216 |
39.13 |
14 |
29.17 |
|
199 |
38.05 |
31 |
40.26 |
|
| Wall concrete, brick, cement |
336 |
60.87 |
34 |
70.83 |
0.173 |
324 |
61.95 |
46 |
59.74 |
0.710 |
| Floor semi concrete, wood, straw, leaf, bamboo, mud |
117 |
21.2 |
7 |
14.58 |
|
110 |
21.03 |
14 |
18.18 |
|
| Floor concrete |
435 |
78.8 |
41 |
85.42 |
0.278 |
413 |
78.97 |
63 |
81.82 |
0.564 |
| Household number >3 |
281 |
50.91 |
19 |
39.58 |
|
255 |
48.76 |
45 |
58.44 |
|
| Household number < =3 |
271 |
49.09 |
28 |
58.33 |
0.168 |
267 |
51.05 |
32 |
41.56 |
0.116 |
| Missing |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.001 |
1 |
0.19 |
0 |
0 |
0.270 |
| Number of children under 5 > 0 |
131 |
23.73 |
13 |
27.08 |
|
122 |
23.33 |
22 |
28.57 |
|
| Number of children under 5 = 0 |
421 |
76.27 |
34 |
70.83 |
0.545 |
400 |
76.48 |
55 |
71.43 |
0.319 |
| Missing |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.003 |
1 |
0.19 |
0 |
0 |
0.565 |
| Household latrine slab or hanging |
210 |
38.04 |
13 |
27.08 |
|
192 |
36.71 |
31 |
40.26 |
|
| Household latrine sanitary |
342 |
61.96 |
34 |
70.83 |
0.157 |
330 |
63.1 |
46 |
59.74 |
0.556 |
| Missing |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.001 |
1 |
0.19 |
0 |
0 |
0.781 |
| Household drinking water source tube |
249 |
45.11 |
15 |
31.25 |
|
223 |
42.64 |
41 |
53.25 |
|
| Household drinking water source tap |
303 |
54.89 |
32 |
66.67 |
0.080 |
299 |
57.17 |
36 |
46.75 |
0.082 |
| Missing |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.001 |
1 |
0.19 |
0 |
0 |
0.205 |
| Wealth (upper quintile of wealth)* |
118 |
21.38 |
16 |
33.33 |
|
121 |
23.14 |
13 |
16.88 |
|
| Wealth (lower four quintiles) |
434 |
78.62 |
31 |
64.58 |
0.045 |
401 |
76.67 |
64 |
83.12 |
0.431 |
| Missing |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2.08 |
<0.001 |
1 |
0.19 |
0 |
0 |
0.216 |
| Active labor |
239 |
43.3 |
15 |
31.25 |
|
216 |
41.3 |
38 |
49.35 |
|
| Early labor |
274 |
49.64 |
29 |
60.42 |
0.110 |
269 |
51.43 |
34 |
44.16 |
0.190 |
| Missing |
39 |
7.07 |
4 |
8.33 |
0.269 |
38 |
7.27 |
5 |
6.49 |
0.409 |
| Time in labor > =8 hours |
277 |
50.18 |
22 |
45.83 |
|
257 |
49.14 |
42 |
54.55 |
|
| Time in labor < 8 hours |
263 |
47.64 |
26 |
54.17 |
0.468 |
254 |
48.57 |
35 |
45.45 |
0.487 |
| Missing |
12 |
2.17 |
0 |
0 |
0.449 |
12 |
2.29 |
0 |
0 |
0.317 |
| Rupture of membranes at presentation |
215 |
38.95 |
29 |
60.42 |
|
216 |
41.3 |
28 |
36.36 |
|
| No rupture of membranes at presentation |
326 |
59.06 |
19 |
39.57 |
0.005 |
296 |
56.6 |
49 |
63.64 |
0.333 |
| Missing |
11 |
1.99 |
0 |
0 |
0.012 |
11 |
2.1 |
0 |
0 |
0.273 |
| Premature rupture of membranes |
50 |
9.06 |
6 |
12.5 |
|
47 |
8.99 |
9 |
11.69 |
|
| No premature rupture of membranes |
491 |
88.95 |
42 |
87.5 |
0.461 |
465 |
88.91 |
68 |
88.31 |
0.484 |
| Missing |
11 |
1.99 |
0 |
0 |
0.466 |
11 |
2.1 |
0 |
0 |
0.342 |
| Amniotic Fluid green or cloudy |
97 |
17.57 |
6 |
12.5 |
|
91 |
17.4 |
12 |
15.58 |
|
| Amniotic Fluid clear |
432 |
78.26 |
40 |
83.33 |
0.369 |
409 |
78.2 |
63 |
81.82 |
0.643 |
| Missing |
23 |
4.17 |
2 |
4.17 |
0.668 |
23 |
4.4 |
2 |
2.6 |
0.683 |
| Maternal temperature > =99 |
27 |
4.89 |
1 |
2.08 |
|
24 |
4.59 |
4 |
5.19 |
|
| Maternal temperature <99 |
492 |
89.13 |
47 |
97.92 |
0.340 |
470 |
89.87 |
69 |
89.61 |
0.819 |
| Missing |
33 |
5.98 |
0 |
0 |
0.136 |
29 |
5.54 |
4 |
5.19 |
0.966 |
| Number of vaginal exams performed > =3 |
263 |
47.64 |
27 |
56.25 |
|
251 |
47.99 |
39 |
50.65 |
|
| Number of vaginal exams < 3 |
276 |
50 |
20 |
41.67 |
0.255 |
529 |
49.52 |
37 |
48.05 |
0.733 |
| Missing |
13 |
2.36 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.519 |
13 |
2.49 |
1 |
1.3 |
0.766 |
| No hand washing before vaginal exam |
134 |
24.28 |
15 |
31.25 |
|
130 |
24.86 |
19 |
24.68 |
|
| Hand washing before exam |
395 |
71.56 |
32 |
66.67 |
0.323 |
370 |
70.75 |
57 |
74.03 |
0.853 |
| Missing |
23 |
4.17 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.474 |
23 |
4.4 |
1 |
1.3 |
0.424 |
| No hand washing before delivery |
34 |
6.16 |
2 |
4.17 |
|
31 |
5.93 |
5 |
6.49 |
|
| Hand washing before delivery |
497 |
90.04 |
44 |
91.67 |
0.580 |
470 |
89.87 |
71 |
92.21 |
0.895 |
| Missing |
21 |
3.8 |
2 |
4.17 |
0.852 |
22 |
4.21 |
1 |
1.3 |
0.459 |
| Colonization |
202 |
36.59 |
17 |
35.42 |
|
184 |
35.18 |
35 |
45.45 |
|
| No colonization |
337 |
61.05 |
29 |
60.42 |
0.944 |
326 |
62.33 |
40 |
51.95 |
0.080 |
| Missing |
13 |
2.36 |
2 |
4.17 |
0.741 |
13 |
2.49 |
2 |
2.6 |
0.209 |
| Antibiotics* |
|
|
|
|
|
45 |
8.6 |
3 |
3.9 |
|
| No antibiotics | 478 | 91.4 | 74 | 96.1 | 0.155 | |||||
*Not used to calculate propensity score.