Table 2.

Association between preoperative ACEi/ARB use and outcomes

Outcomes	No. of patients with events (percent)		Adjusted a RR (95% CI)
	ACEi/ARB users	Non-users
	(N = 101,494)	(N = 135,714)
AKI-D	438 (0.43%)	372 (0.27%)	0.83 (0.71, 0.98)
All-cause mortality	4,654 (4.59%)	6,435 (4.74%)	0.91 (0.87, 0.95)

ACEi: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; RR: Relative Risk; CI: Confidence Interval; AKI-D: Acute kidney injury treated with dialysis.

Outcomes: (1) Primary outcome: AKI-D (within 14 days of surgery); (2) Secondary outcome: All-cause mortality (within 90 days of surgery).

Relative risk was calculated for preoperative ACEi/ARB use compared to non-use.

^aAdjusted for age, sex, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease, anti-diabetic agents, beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, non-potassium sparing diuretics, statins, type of surgery (cardiac, vascular, thoracic, abdominal, retro-peritoneal), era of surgery (1995 to 1998, 1999 to 2001, 2002 to 2004, 2005 to 2007, 2008 to 2010).