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. 2014 Apr 3;5:14. doi: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-14

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Copyright © 2014 Hogvall et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Formation of the germ band in E. kanangrensis. A germ disc appears after the blastoderm has formed (not shown; [31]), in the centre of which forms a slit-like furrow (arrowhead in A) defining the AP axis. Anterior is to the left. (A) Stage 2 to 3 embryo, ventral view. Cells invaginating at the posterior pole move on either side of the indentation towards anterior (arrows), forming a split germ band. (B) Stage 5 embryo, ventral view. Split germ band subsequently moves towards the anterior and first coelomic pouches bud off from otherwise uniform halves of germ band. The distance between the furrow and the halves of the germ band has increased and ventral extraembryonic ectoderm covers the area between furrow and germ band on either side of the furrow; dorsal to the halves of the germ band is dorsal extraembryonic ectoderm. (C) Stage 8 embryo, ventral view. At later stages, the anterior extent of the split germ band (future head lobes) meets and fuses anterior to the anterior pole of the furrow. (D) Embryo of C, lateral view; dorsal is up. Coelomic pouches are recognizable by areas of higher cell density. As with short germ arthropods, anterior segments represent older (more developed) segments. In the posterior part of the split germ band (anterior to SAZ), coelomic pouches have not yet segregated from newly formed tissue. (E) Stage 15 embryo, lateral view; outline of embryo proper marked by dots. Dorsal and ventral embryonic tissue begins to grow out (arrowheads). 2 to 5, second to fifth walking-limb-bearing segment; ant, anterior; AP, anterior-posterior; dee, dorsal extraembryonic ectoderm; fap, frontal appendage; hl, head lobe; j, jaw; L1, first walking-limb-bearing segment; pos, posterior; pp, posterior pit region; SAZ, segment addition zone; sp, slime papilla; vee, ventral extraembryonic ectoderm.