Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies: any NSAIDs use and PCa incidence risk
| Study | Study location | Cases (number) | Controls (number) | Age (y) a | Exposure period | Drugs studied | Outcome (number) | Information source | Confounders for adjustment | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Case–control studies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Veitonmaki, 2013 [37] |
Finland |
24,657 |
24,657 |
68 |
1995–2002 |
ASA/NSAIDs/ NA-NSAIDs/ COX-2 inhibitors |
Total/advanced PCa |
Database |
1–5 |
8 |
| Kopp, 2013 [22] |
Denmark |
334 |
334 |
59.0 |
1993–1997 |
NSAIDs |
Total PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 6, 7 |
4 |
| Vinogradova, 2011 [21] |
UK |
14,764 |
192,081 |
69 |
1997–2008 |
COX-2 inhibitors |
Total PCa |
Database |
1, 8–11 |
7 |
| Murad, 2011 [36] |
UK |
1,016 |
5,043 |
63 |
2001–2008 |
ASA/NSAIDs/ NA-NSAIDs |
Total PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 12–15 |
6 |
| Mahmud, 2011 [33] |
Canada |
9,007 |
36,028 |
73 |
1985–2000 |
ASA/NSAIDs/ NA-NSAIDs |
Total PCa |
Database |
1, 14–17 |
6 |
| Salinas, 2010 [32] |
USA |
1,001 |
942 |
63 |
2002–2005 |
ASA/ NA-NSAIDs/ COX-2 inhibitors |
Total/advanced PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 17–18 |
7 |
| Harris, 2007 [31] |
USA |
229 |
285 |
NR |
2002–2004 |
ASA/ NA-NSAIDs/ COX-2 inhibitors |
Total PCa |
Interview |
1, 6, 19–21 |
5 |
| Menezes, 2006 [17] |
USA |
1,029 |
1,029 |
67 |
1982–1998 |
ASA |
Total/advanced PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 6, 12 |
4 |
| Mahmud, 2006 [30] |
Canada |
494 |
805 |
64 |
1999–2003 |
ASA/ NSAIDs/ NA-NSAIDs/ COX-2 inhibitors |
Total/advanced PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 12, 14, 15, 22–25 |
6 |
| Liu, 2006 [29] |
USA |
506 |
506 |
NR |
2001–2004 |
ASA/ NSAIDs / NA-NSAIDs |
Advanced PCa |
Interview |
1, 18, 26 |
5 |
| Dasgupta, 2006 [28] |
Canada |
2,025 |
2,150 |
73 |
1999–2002 |
ASA/ NA-NSAIDs |
Total PCa |
Database |
1, 27 |
6 |
| Bosetti, 2006 [16] |
Italy |
1,261 |
1,131 |
65 |
1991–2002 |
ASA |
Total/advanced PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 7, 12, 28 |
5 |
| Perron, 2003 [26] |
Canada |
2,221 |
11,105 |
75.7 |
1993–1995 |
ASA/ NA-NSAIDs |
Total PCa |
Database |
1, 29 |
6 |
| Irani, 2002 [11] |
France |
639 |
659 |
66.8 |
1999–2000 |
ASA/ NA-NSAIDs |
Total PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 14, 15, 18, 27, 30–32 |
6 |
| Nelson, 2000 [23] |
USA |
417 |
420 |
64.0 |
1992–1995 |
NA-NSAIDs/ NSAIDs |
Total PCa |
Interview |
1, 18, 23 |
6 |
| Langman, 2000 [35] |
UK |
1,813 |
5,354 |
NR |
1993–1995 |
NSAIDs |
Total PCa |
Database |
1, 9 |
6 |
| Norrish, 1998 [10] |
New Zealand |
317 |
480 |
70.0 |
1996 |
ASA/ NSAIDs/ NA-NSAIDs |
Total/advanced PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 33–36 |
7 |
| Neugut, 1998 [9] |
USA |
319 |
189 |
69.0 |
1984–1986 |
ASA |
Total PCa |
Medical notes |
1, 18, 13, 22 |
6 |
|
Cohort studies |
|
|
All subjects (number) |
|
Median follow-up (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shebl, 2012 [34] |
USA |
3,573 |
29,450 |
62.8 |
11.7 |
ASA/NA-NSAIDs |
Total/advanced PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 28 |
6 |
| Dhillon, 2011 [20] |
USA |
4,858 |
51,529 |
64.8 |
18.0 |
ASA |
Total/advanced PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 20, 31, 36–39 |
8 |
| Brasky, 2010 [19] |
USA |
1,550 |
34,132 |
50–76 |
NR |
ASA/ NA-NSAIDs |
Total/advanced PCa |
Questionnaire and Database |
1, 6, 7, 12, 13, 18, 22, 39–45 |
5 |
| Jacobs, 2007 [18] |
USA |
1,076 |
69,810 |
NR |
104,854 person-years |
ASA |
Total PCa |
Questionnaire and medical records |
1, 6, 7, 9, 13, 15, 18, 20, 22, 45–47 |
7 |
| Platz, 2005 [15] |
USA |
141 |
1,244 |
70.0 |
9.0 |
ASA/NSAIDs/ NA-NSAIDs |
Total PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 14, 15, 23, 37, |
7 |
| Jacobs, 2005 [14] |
USA |
4,853 |
70,144 |
NR |
1992–2001 |
ASA/NSAIDs/ NA-NSAIDs |
Total/advanced PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 7, 12, 13, 18, 22, 45, |
7 |
| G-Rodriguez, 2004 [27] |
UK |
2,183 |
12,183 |
50–79 |
1995–2001 |
ASA/NA-NSAIDs |
Total/advanced PCa |
Database |
1, 14, 15, 17, 37, 48 |
8 |
| Sorensen, 2003 [13] |
Denmark |
324 |
172,057 |
NR |
5.4 |
NA-NSAIDs |
Total PCa |
Database |
1, 10, 11 |
7 |
| Friis, 2003 [12] |
Denmark |
196 |
29,470 |
70.0 |
4.1 |
ASA |
Total PCa |
Database |
1, 10, 11 |
7 |
| Roberts, 2002 [25] |
USA |
91 |
1,362 |
64.0 |
5.5 |
NSAIDs |
Total PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 10, 12, 20 |
7 |
| Habel, 2002 [24] |
USA |
2,574 |
90,100 |
18–84 |
14.0 |
ASA |
Total/advanced PCa |
Questionnaire |
1, 7, 17, 18, |
6 |
| Schreinemachers, 1994 [8] |
USA |
123 |
12,668 |
65.0 |
12.4 |
ASA |
Total PCa |
Interview |
1, 7, 9, 18, 21 |
5 |
| Paganini-Hill, 1989 [7] | USA | 149 | 5106 | 73 | 6.5 | ASA | Total PCa | Questionnaire | 1 | 3 |
aaverage, median or range.Confounders for adjustment: 1, age; 2, benign prostatic hyperplasia medication use; 3, anti-diabetic medication; 4, cholesterol-lowering medication use; 5, antihypertensive medication use; 6, body mass index; 7, school education; 8, deprivation; 9, smoking; 10, comorbidities; 11, use of medication; 12, family history of prostate cancer; 13, diabetes status; 14, aspirin use; 15, any NA-NSAID use; 16, ever visited a urologist 1 to 11 years prior; 17, screened and volume of family physician visits; 18, race; 19, family history; 20, physical activity; 21, alcohol intake; 22, history of heart disease; 23, intake of acetaminophen; 24, reasons for referral and prostate volume; 25, selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors use; 26, medical institution; 27, finasteride use; 28, study center; 29, recent medical contacts; 30, farming; 31, frequency of red meat and red wine consumption; 32, urological center; 33, socio-economic status; 34, total polyunsaturated fat consumption; 35, α-linolenic acid; 36, fatty acids; 37, period; 38, height; 39, vitamin; 40, osteoarthritis; 41, rheumatoid arthritis; 42, chronic joint pain; 43, chronic headaches; 44, migraines; 45, PSA test in the past two years; 46, history of colorectal endoscopy; 47, hypertension; 48, prior benign prostate hyperplasia history. ASA, aspirin; COX-2, cyclooxygenase enzymes-2; NA-NSAIDs, non-aspirin NSAIDs; NR, not reported; PCa, prostate cancer; y, years.