Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies: any NSAIDs use and prostate cancer-specific mortality
| Study | Study location | Study design | PCa Cases (number) | Died from PCa (number) | Age (y) | Median follow-up (y) | Drugs studied | Treatment | Tumor stage | Confounders for adjustment | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flahavan, 2014 [39] |
Ireland |
Cohort |
2,936 |
104 |
70.5 |
5.5 |
Aspirin |
PR, RT, ADT |
I–III |
1–8 |
8 |
| Grytli, 2014 [40] |
Norway |
Cohort |
3,561 |
1,010 |
76.3 |
3.3 |
Aspirin |
ADT |
I–IV |
1, 2, 9–13 |
7 |
| Cardwell, 2013 [41] |
UK |
Nested case–control |
6,339 |
1,184 |
NR |
6.0 |
Aspirin |
PR, RT, ADT, EST |
I–IV |
1, 4, 8, 13–17 |
7 |
| Dhillon, 2012 [42] |
USA |
Cohort |
3,986 |
265 |
68.6 |
8.4 |
Aspirin/NSAIDs/ NA-NSAIDs |
PR, RT, EST |
I–IIIab |
1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 18–29 |
7 |
| Choe, 2012 [43] |
USA |
Cohort |
5,955 |
193 |
64.0 |
5.8 |
Aspirin |
RP, RT |
I–IV |
1, 2, 9, 10, 29–31 |
8 |
| Stock, 2008 [44] |
Canada |
Case–control |
1,619 |
453 |
67.2 |
NR |
NSAIDs |
RP, RT |
I–IV |
1, 2, 9, 21 |
7 |
| Ratnasinghe, 2004 [45] |
USA |
Cohort |
NR |
121 |
25–74 |
NR |
Aspirin |
NR |
NR |
1, 4, 19, 21, 32–33 |
6 |
| Lipworth, 2004 [46] | Denmark | Cohort | NR | 296 | 48.4 | 4.3 | NA-NSAIDs | NR | NR | 1, 33 | 5 |
Confounders for adjustment: 1, age; 2, tumor grade; 3, tumor size; 4, smoking status; 5, co-morbidity score; 6, year of incidence; 7, pre-diagnostic statin exposure 8, receipt of radiation; 9, prostate-specific antigen level; 10, Gleason score; 11, presence and type of metastases; 12, performance status; 13, androgen deprivation therapy initiated within six months after diagnosis; 14, year of cancer diagnosis; 15, chemotherapy within six months of diagnosis; 16, estrogen therapy during exposure period; 17, comorbidities; 18, family history; 19, race; 20, height; 21, body mass index; 22, vigorous physical activity; 23, vitamin D; 24, fish; 25, red meat; 26, cholesterol-lowering drugs; 27, total kcal; 28, aspirin use before diagnosis; 29, initial treatment; 30, aspirin use; 31, non-aspirin anticoagulant use; 32, poverty index; 33, education; 33, number of prescriptions. ADT, androgen-deprivation therapy; EST, estrogen therapy; NA-NSAIDs, non-aspirin NSAIDs; NR: not reported; RP, radical prostatectomy; RT, radiation therapy; y, years.