Table 3. Muscle classification in terms of upper bound ( $e_{m}^{UB}$ ) behavior.

	Bi		Ni		Ru

	F_EXT	F_FLEX	F_EXT	F_FLEX	F_EXT	F_FLEX
ADF	SUB_mono	SUB_mono	SUB_mono	SUB_mono	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*

ADL	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond

BFA	SUB_mono	SUB_mono	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*

BFP	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*

EDL	*SUB_cond*	*MUB*	*SUB_Cond*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_Cond*	*MUB*

FDL	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*

FHL	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond

GMAX	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond

GMED	SUB_mono	SUB_mono	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*

GMIN	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	MUB	MUB

GRAC	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*

LG	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	SUB_mono	SUB_mono

MG	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	SUB_mono	SUB_mono

PB	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*

PEC	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond

PL	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*

PLAN	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	SUB_mono	SUB_mono

PSOAS	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB

PT	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB

PYR	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB

QF	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*	SUB_cond	SUB_cond

RF	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	SUB_cond	SUB_cond

SART	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB

SM	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*

SOL	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*

ST	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*

TA	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB	MUB

TP	SUB_mono	SUB_mono	SUB_mono	SUB_mono	SUB_mono	SUB_mono

VI	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	SUB_cond	*MUB*	*SUB_cond*

VL	*SUB_cond*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_cond*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_cond*	*SUB_mono*

VM	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	*SUB_mono*	*SUB_non*	SUB_cond	SUB_cond

MUB: $(e_{m}^{UB})$ is always one (maximal); SUB_cond: $e_{m}^{UB}$ is sub-maximal only at certain range of α SUB_mono: $e_{m}^{UB}$ is always sub-maximal and changes monotonnically; SUB_non: $e_{m}^{UB}$ is always sub-maximal and changes non-monotonically. Muscle that changed classification of sub-maximal upper bound versus maximal upper bound across the two force directions are shown in bold black. Muscles that differ in sub-classifications across force directions are shown in bold gray.

Table 3. Muscle classification in terms of upper bound ( emUB) behavior.

Table 3. Muscle classification in terms of upper bound ( $e_{m}^{UB}$ ) behavior.