Table 1.
Expression of protease activated receptors (PARs) on inflammatory cells.
| Cell type | Expression of PARs | Regulator of PARs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAR-1 | PAR-2 | PAR-3 | PAR-4 | Upregulation | Downregulation | |
| MC | + [22, 27] |
+ [22, 23, 25, 27, 28] |
+ [22] |
+ [22, 28] |
RANTES for PAR-1 [32]; TNF-α for PAR-2 [23, 31] and PAR-4 [31]; IL-12 for PAR-4 [20]; GM-CSF for PAR-4 [30]; AC allergen rPer a1.01 for PAR-1,2,4 [22]. | IL-29 for PAR-1 [29]; IL-12 for PAR-2 [20]. |
|
| ||||||
| Eos | + [35, 36] |
+ [35–37] |
+ [36] |
− [36] |
na | na |
|
| ||||||
| Neu | + [38] |
+ [38, 39, 106] |
− [38] |
− [38] |
na | Simvastatin and pravastatin for PAR-2 [106]; GC for PAR-2 [39] |
|
| ||||||
| Mon | + [40–42, 46, 47] |
+ [43–47] |
+ [41, 46, 47] |
+ [47] |
IFN-γ for PAR-1 [42]; thrombosis for PAR-1; APS for PAR-2 [46] | na |
|
| ||||||
| Mac | + [41, 48, 50] |
+ [41, 43, 48–51] |
+ [41, 50] |
+ [50] |
LPS for PAR-1, -2, -3, and -4 [50]; dietary FA for PAR-2 [51]; MMIF for PAR-2 [77]; GM-CSF for PAR-1, -2, and -3 [41]; smoke for PAR-1 [48] | IL-4 for PAR-1, -2, and -3 [41] |
|
| ||||||
| TC | + [52, 162] |
+ [53, 162] |
na | + [162] |
HIV for PAR-1 [52] | na |
|
| ||||||
| BC | + [54] |
+ [163] |
na | na | na | na |
|
| ||||||
| DC | + [55, 56] |
+ [43, 57] |
+ [56] |
na | GC for PAR-2 [57] | LPS for PAR-1 and -3 [56] |
MC: mast cell; Eos: eosinophil; Neu: neutrophil; Mon: monocyte; Mac: macrophage; TC: T cell; BC: B cell; DC: dendritic cell; RANTES: regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL: interleukin; IFN: interferon; APS: antiphospholipid syndrome; MMIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; FA: fatty acids; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; AC: American cockroach; GC: German cockroach; na: not available.