Table 2.
Expression of protease activated receptors (PARs) on structural cells.
| Cell type | Expression of PARs | Regulator of PARs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAR-1 | PAR-2 | PAR-3 | PAR-4 | Upregulation | Downregulation | |
| EpC | + [50, 101] |
+ [50, 60, 101, 102] |
+ [50, 101] |
+ [50] |
NE for PAR-2; LPS for PAR-1, -2, -3, and -4 [50] | na |
|
| ||||||
| EnC | + [50, 62, 64–66, 100] |
+ [50, 61, 64] |
+ [50, 54, 66, 67] |
+ [50, 66] |
LPS for PAR-1, -2, -3, and -4 [50]; HCMV for PAR-1, -3, and -4 [66]; MMIF for PAR-1 and -2 [64]; TNF-α, IL-1α, and LPS for PAR-2 [63] | Phorbol ester for PAR-2 [63]; sheer stress for PAR-1 [62] |
|
| ||||||
| Fibro | + [68–71, 164] |
+ [53, 68–71, 164] |
+ [68, 70, 71] |
na | Malignancy for PAR-1 and -2 [164]; bFGF for PAR-2 [71] | PGE2 for PAR-2 [72] |
|
| ||||||
| SMC | + [73, 75] |
+ [74] |
+ [75] |
+ [75] |
na | PGI2/PGE2 for PAR-1, -3, and -4 [75] |
|
| ||||||
| Kerat | + [76, 82] |
+ [11, 76, 82, 103, 104] |
+ [76] |
na | na | na |
EpC: epithelial cell; EnC: endothelial cell; Fibro: fibroblast; SMC: smooth muscle cell; Kerat: keratinocyte; NE: neutrophil elastase; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; HCMV: human cytomegalovirus; MMIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; PG: prostaglandin; na: not available.