TABLE 4.
Multiple linear regression analyses of the relation between biomarkers of dairy fat intake and the liver-spleen ratio, a measure of liver fat content (inverse association), hepatic insulin resistance, and systemic insulin sensitivity1
| Systemic insulin sensitivity |
||||
| Model | Liver-spleen ratio (liver fat content)(n = 32)2 | Hepatic insulin resistance(n = 28) | Low-level insulin infusion(n = 30)3 | High-level insulin infusion(n = 30)3 |
| ln(mg/min · pmol/L) | ln(mg · min−1 · kg lean mass−1 per pmol/L insulin) | |||
| PL 15:0 | ||||
| 1 | 2.58 (−0.24, 5.39) | −2.46 (−8.41, 3.48) | 0.84 (−10.7, 12.4) | 0.60 (−10.7, 11.9) |
| 2 | 2.39 (−0.61, 5.40) | −1.21 (−7.09, 4.67) | −0.60 (−12.5, 11.3) | −0.78 (−12.3, 10.7) |
| 3 | NA | 0.18 (−5.72, 6.08) | −3.24 (−15.1, 8.59) | −3.28 (−14.8, 8.20) |
| PL 17:0 | ||||
| 1 | 2.00 (0.50, 3.50)* | −3.04 (−6.16, 0.09) | 5.33 (−0.79, 11.4) | 4.99 (−1.02, 11.0) |
| 2 | 2.13 (0.58, 3.69)* | −2.68 (−5.84, 0.47) | 5.93 (−0.36, 12.2) | 5.72 (−0.36, 11.8) |
| 3 | NA | −1.76 (−5.35, 1.82) | 4.38 (−2.86, 11.6) | 4.31 (−2.71, 11.3) |
| PL t-16:1n−7 | ||||
| 1 | 3.39 (1.13, 5.66)* | −6.24 (−10.6, −1.84)* | 10.3 (1.38, 19.1)* | 10.04 (1.35, 18.7)* |
| 2 | 3.56 (0.94, 6.18)* | −5.95 (−10.8, −1.09)* | 11.2 (1.09, 21.2)* | 10.97 (1.27, 20.7)* |
| 3 | NA | −4.91 (−10.5, 0.67) | 9.06 (−2.45, 20.6) | 9.12 (−2.00, 20.2) |
| FFA 15:0 | ||||
| 1 | 2.35 (0.30, 4.41)* | −3.08 (−7.41, 1.26) | 8.91 (0.67, 17.2)* | 8.83 (0.82, 16.9)* |
| 2 | 2.55 (0.11, 4.99)* | −2.21 (−6.81, 2.39) | 7.24 (−2.20, 16.7) | 6.89 (−2.24, 16.0) |
| 3 | NA | −0.95 (−5.76, 3.85) | 5.02 (−4.97, 15.0) | 4.79 (−4.89, 14.5) |
| FFA 17:0 | ||||
| 1 | 1.33 (−0.03, 2.68) | −1.16 (−4.00, 1.67) | 1.53 (−4.16, 7.2) | 1.44 (−4.11, 6.99) |
| 2 | 1.80 (0.29, 3.30)* | −0.74 (−3.65, 2.17) | 1.15 (−5.02, 7.3) | 1.10 (−4.86, 7.06) |
| 3 | NA | 0.38 (−2.73, 3.49) | −1.27 (−7.86, 5.3) | −1.19 (−7.57, 5.19) |
| FFA t-16:1n−7 | ||||
| 1 | 3.01 (−0.85, 6.88) | −6.41 (−13.9, 1.10) | 12.0 (−3.11, 27.0) | 12.51 (−2.08, 27.1) |
| 2 | 3.20 (−1.91, 8.31) | −4.79 (−13.7, 4.12) | 7.95 (−11.1, 27.0) | 8.14 (−10.2, 26.5) |
| 3 | N/A | −3.19 (−12.1, 5.73) | 4.50 (−14.6, 23.6) | 4.90 (−13.5, 23.3) |
1
Data are unadjusted β coefficients (95% CIs). Model 1, unadjusted; model 2, adjusted for age, sex, and BMI; model 3, adjusted as for model 2 plus liver-spleen ratio, a measure of liver fat content. *Statistically significant association, P < 0.05. FFA, free fatty acid; NA, not available; PL, phospholipid.
2
n = 32 for PL analyses and n = 30 for FFA analyses.
3
n = 30 for PL analyses and n = 28 for FFA analyses.