TABLE 3.

Women: univariable and multivariable models examining current risk factors of hip and lumbar spine BMD in the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study cohort in 2009–2010¹

	Hip BMD (n = 329)				Lumbar spine BMD (n = 326)
Univariable		Multivariable2		Univariable		Multivariable2
	β coefficient (95% CI)	P	β coefficient (95% CI)	P	β coefficient (95% CI)	P	β coefficient (95% CI)	P
Age (y)	0.005 (−0.003, 0.012)	0.25	0.001 (−0.007, 0.008)	0.89	−0.001 (−0.008, 0.007)	0.89	−0.005 (−0.013, 0.004)	0.28
SLI low3	−0.029 (−0.054, −0.005)	0.022	−0.017 (−0.043, 0.009)	0.19	−0.044 (−0.07, −0.019)	0.001	−0.034 (−0.062, −0.007)	0.019
SLI mid3	−0.029 (−0.054, −0.005)	0.007	−0.019 (−0.044, 0.006)	0.13	−0.044 (−0.07, −0.019)	0.004	−0.031 (−0.057, −0.004)	0.028
Height (cm)	0.003 (0.001, 0.005)	0.001	−0.002 (−0.004, 0)	0.094	0.005 (0.003, 0.006)	<0.001	0.002 (0, 0.004)	0.077
Fat mass (kg)	0.082 (0.053, 0.111)	<0.001	0.01 (−0.027, 0.047)	0.6	0.088 (0.058, 0.118)	<0.001	0.053 (0.014, 0.093)	0.012
Lean mass (kg)	0.011 (0.009, 0.013)	<0.001	0.011 (0.008, 0.014)	<0.001	0.008 (0.006, 0.011)	<0.001	0.004 (0, 0.008)	0.04
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	0.023 (−0.002, 0.048)	0.067	0.02 (−0.002, 0.043)	0.085	0.004 (−0.022, 0.03)	0.74	0.003 (−0.022, 0.027)	0.84
Fruit and vegetables (g)	0.009 (−0.007, 0.025)	0.25	−0.004 (−0.026, 0.018)	0.72	0.014 (−0.002, 0.031)	0.089	0.001 (−0.022, 0.025)	0.9
Calcium (mg/d)	0.017 (0, 0.033)	0.052	0.036 (0.003, 0.069)	0.037	0.016 (–0.001, 0.033)	0.074	0.01 (−0.026, 0.046)	0.57
Protein (g/d)	0.012 (−0.014, 0.037)	0.37	−0.087 (−0.22, 0.044)	0.19	0.021 (−0.005, 0.047)	0.11	−0.04 (−0.181, 0.1)	0.57
Energy (kcal)	0.009 (−0.01, 0.029)	0.35	0.042 (−0.079, 0.16)	0.486	0.016 (−0.004, 0.036)	0.12	0.031 (−0.097, 0.16)	0.63
wbPA (h)	0.02 (0.001, 0.039)	0.042	0.014 (−0.006, 0.033)	0.161	0.012 (−0.008, 0.031)	0.23	0.016 (−0.005, 0.037)	0.13

¹All models were adjusted for type of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry machine in multilevel regression models accounting for village clusters and sibling pairs. Multivariable models were additionally adjusted for age, SLI, height, fat mass, lean mass, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, wbPA, and dietary intake of fruit and vegetables, calcium, protein, and energy. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, fruit and vegetable intake, calcium intake, protein intake, energy intake, and wbPA were log transformed to account for skewed distributions. BMD, bone mineral density (g/cm²); mid, middle; SLI, Standard of Living Index; wbPA, weight-bearing physical activity.

²Based on model 3.

³SLI tertiles: low, 0–16; middle, 17–20; high, 21–32.