TABLE 5.

Men: univariable and multivariable models examining current risk factors of whole-body BMD in the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study cohort in 2009–2010¹

	Whole-body BMD (n = 562)
Univariable		Multivariable2
	β coefficient (95% CI)	P	β coefficient (95% CI)	P
Age (y)	0.011 (0.007, 0.016)	<0.001	0.007 (0.002, 0.012)	0.012
SLI low3	0.0003 (−0.013, 0.013)	0.97	0.011 (−0.005, 0.026)	0.17
SLI mid3	−0.0008 (−0.013, 0.013)	0.9	0.009 (−0.005, 0.023)	0.22
Height (cm)	0.002 (0.001, 0.003)	<0.001	−0.002 (−0.003, −0.001)	0.001
Fat mass (kg)	0.026 (0.014, 0.039)	<0.001	−0.043 (−0.062, −0.024)	<0.001
Lean mass (kg)	0.006 (0.005, 0.007)	<0.001	0.008 (0.007, 0.01)	<0.001
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	0.024 (0.008, 0.039)	0.004	0.014 (0, 0.029)	0.057
Fruit and vegetables (g)	0.017 (0.008, 0.025)	<0.001	0.002 (−0.012, 0.016)	0.76
Calcium (mg/d)	0.02 (0.01, 0.03)	<0.001	−0.0003 (0.023, 0.023)	0.98
Protein (g/d)	0.035 (0.022, 0.049)	<0.001	0.047 (−0.032, 0.127)	0.24
Energy (kcal)	0.024 (0.013, 0.036)	<0.001	−0.039 (−0.112, 0.035)	0.3
wbPA (h)	0.022 (0.012, 0.033)	<0.001	0.013 (0.001, 0.025)	0.043

¹All models were adjusted for type of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry machine in multilevel regression models accounting for village clusters and sibling pairs. Multivariable models were additionally adjusted for age, SLI, height, fat mass, lean mass, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, wbPA, and dietary intake of fruit and vegetables, calcium, protein, and energy. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, fruit and vegetable intake, calcium intake, protein intake, energy intake, and wbPA were log transformed to account for skewed distributions. BMD, bone mineral density (g/cm²); mid, middle; SLI, Standard of Living Index; wbPA, weight-bearing physical activity.

²Based on model 3.

³SLI tertiles: low, 0–16; middle, 17–20; high, 21–32.