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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Attach Hum Dev. 2014 Feb 18;16(2):103–136. doi: 10.1080/14616734.2014.883636

Table 1.

Sample characteristics for studies

Source Sample
Description		 Attachment
Measure1 		Assessment
Type2 		Relationship
Type		 Age of
Attachment		 Age of
Outcome		 N
Adams, 1994 Low SES SSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 17 mo. 93 mo. 25
Adamson, 1990 AQS (P) Group Obs Non-Friend 54 mo. 54 mo. 28
Agnor, 2009 Low SES; Males AQS (P) Soc Skills; Socio Friend; Non-Friend 60 mo. 60 mo. 16
Low SES; Females AQS (P) Soc Skills; Socio Friend; Non-Friend 60 mo. 60 mo. 13
Balentine, 2007 Mixed At-Risk/Not At-Risk AQS (P) Soc Skills; Socio Non-Friend 24 mo. 48 mo. 165
Barglow et al., 1998 Males SSP Dyadic Obs Non-Friend 12 mo. 82 mo. 47
Females SSP Dyadic Obs Non-Friend 12 mo. 82 mo. 45
Bohlin et al., 2000 SSP Group Obs Non-Friend 15 mo. 96 mo. 87
SSP Soc Skills; Socio Non-Friend 15 mo. 102 mo. 87
Booth et al., 1998 Males MSSP Soc Skills; Blend Friend; Non-Friend 52 mo. 96 mo. 34
Females MSSP Soc Skills; Blend Friend; Non-Friend 52 mo. 96 mo. 24
Bost et al., 1998 Low SES AQS (Obs) Blend Non-Friend 42 mo. 42 mo. 69
Bureau & Moss, 2010 MSSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 76 mo. 76 mo. 104
Burmenskaya, 2009 MSSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 72 mo. 72 mo. 42
Burns, 2002 AQS (P) Soc Skills; Group Obs Non-Friend 48 mo. 48 mo. 44
Carter et al., 1999 SSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 12 mo. 12 mo. 90
Cassibba et al., 2000 AQS (Obs) Group Obs Non-Friend 26 mo. 26 mo. 50
Cassidy, 1988 MSSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 62 mo. 62 mo. 52
Cassidy et al., 1996 MSSP Socio Friend 66 mo. 66 mo. 33
Clarke-Stewart, 1981 MSSP Dyadic Obs Friend; Non-Friend 30 mo. 30 mo. 62
Denham, DeMulder, & Mitchell-Copeland Sample
  DeMulder et al., 2000 Males AQS (Obs) Soc Skills; Socio Non-Friend 47 mo. 47 mo. 51
Females AQS (Obs) Soc Skills; Socio Non-Friend 47 mo. 47 mo. 43
  Mitchell-Copeland et al., 1997 AQS (Obs) Group Obs Non-Friend 45 mo. 45 mo. 62
Fagot, 1997 SSP Soc Skills; Group Obs Non-Friend 18 mo. 21 mo. 156
Freitag et al., 1996 Mother-Child Attachment SSP Soc Skills Friend 12 mo. 120 mo. 40
Father-Child Attachment SSP Soc Skills Friend 18 mo. 120 mo. 33
Howes Sample
  Bystritsky, 1999 SSP Social Skills Friend 12 mo. 168 mo 62
  Howes et al., 1990 SSP Group Obs Non-Friend 12 mo. 22 mo. 42
Howes et al., 1990 AQS (Obs) Group Obs Non-Friend 19 mo. 19 mo. 60
Hubbs-Tait et al., 1994 Low SES SSP Soc Skills Friend; Non-Friend 13 mo. 54 mo. 42; 41
Jacobson et al., 1986 SSP Dyadic Obs Non-Friend 18 mo. 24 mo. 24
Kaloustian, 2008 AQS (Obs) Soc Skills Non-Friend 66 mo. 92 mo. 33
Kerns & Barth, 1995 Mother-Child Attachment
  Males AQS (P) Soc Skills; Socio Non-Friend 44 mo. 44 mo. 18
  Females AQS (P) Soc Skills; Socio Non-Friend 44 mo. 44 mo. 18
Father-Child Attachment
  Males AQS (P) Soc Skills Non-Friend 44 mo. 44 mo. 18
  Females AQS (P) Soc Skills Non-Friend 44 mo. 44 mo. 18
Korntheuer et al., 2010 MSSP Blend Non-Friend 24 mo. 24 mo. 85
Kremmel, 2008 Low SES AQS (P) Socio Non-Friend 54 mo. 54 mo. 91
LaFrenière et al., 1992 Mother-Child Attachment
  Males AQS (P) Soc Skills; Group Obs Non-Friend 44 mo. 44 mo. 41
  Females AQS (P) Soc Skills; Group Obs Non-Friend 45 mo. 45 mo. 42
Father-Child Attachment
  Males AQS (P) Soc Skills; Group Obs Non-Friend 44 mo. 44 mo. 41
  Females AQS (P) Soc Skills; Group Obs Non-Friend 45 mo. 45 mo. 42
Laible, 2006 AQS (P) Soc Skills Non-Friend 53 mo. 53 mo. 51
Lamarca, 1995 AQS (P) Socio; Group Obs Non-Friend 55 mo. 55 mo. 81
Lewis & Feiring, 1989 MSSP Soc Skills Friend 12 mo. 108 mo. 125
Lieberman, 1977 MSSP Dyadic Obs Non-Friend 36 mo. 36 mo. 40
Malatesta-Magai et al., 1994 SSP Dyadic Obs Non-Friend 22 mo. 34 mo. 42
Mallik, 2000 Low SES; At-Risk SSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 15 mo. 36 mo. 50
McElwain & Volling, 2004 Mother-Child Attachment SSP Dyadic Obs Friend 12 mo. 51 mo. 30
Father-Child Attachment SSP Dyadic Obs Friend 12 mo. 51 mo. 30
Milligan, 2004 AQS (P) Dyadic Obs Friend 66 mo. 66 mo. 30
Minnesota Sample
  LaFreniére, 1982 Low SES; Effect for C SSP Group Obs Non-Friend 15 mo. 50 mo. 36
  Pancake, 1988 Low SES; Effect for A SSP Dyadic Obs Non-Friend 15 mo. 53 mo. 12
  Pastor, 1980 Low SES; Effect for B/A/C SSP Dyadic Obs Non-Friend 15 mo. 22 mo. 37
  Shulman et al., 1994 Low SES; Effect for A/C SSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 15 mo. 128 mo. 32
Low SES; Effect for B SSP Socio; Dyadic Obs Friend 15 mo. 128 mo. 32
  Sroufe, 1983 Low SES; Effect for B SSP Socio; Group Obs Non-Friend 15 mo. 50 mo. 39
  Sroufe et al., 1999 Low SES; Effect for B SSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 15 mo. 48 mo. 84
Nakano, 1984–1985 Females SSP Dyadic Obs Non-Friend 18 mo. 23 mo. 7
Neyer et al., 1998 MSSP Blend Non-Friend 46 mo. 46 mo. 52
NICHD SECCYD Sample
Low SES
  Males SSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 15 mo. 24 mo. 60
SSP Group Obs Non-Friend 15 mo. 24 mo. 18
SSP Dyadic Obs Friend 15 mo. 36 mo. 19
SSP Socio Non-Friend 15 mo. 54 mo. 32
  Females SSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 15 mo. 24 mo. 58
SSP Group Obs Non-Friend 15 mo. 24 mo. 21
SSP Dyadic Obs Friend 15 mo. 36 mo. 18
SSP Socio Non-Friend 15 mo. 54 mo. 28
High/Middle SES
  Males SSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 15 mo. 24 mo. 5163
SSP Group Obs Non-Friend 15 mo. 24 mo. 3033
SSP Dyadic Obs Friend 15 mo. 36 mo. 2783
SSP Socio Non-Friend 15 mo. 54 mo. 3253
  Females SSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 15 mo. 24 mo. 5053
SSP Group Obs Non-Friend 15 mo. 24 mo. 3073
SSP Dyadic Obs Friend 15 mo. 36 mo. 2843
SSP Socio Non-Friend 15 mo. 54 mo. 3613
Panfile & Laible, 2012 AQS (P) Soc Skills Non-Friend 36 mo. 36 mo. 63
Park, 1992 AQS (P) Soc Skills Friend 54 mo. 54 mo. 41
Park & Waters, 1989 AQS (P) Dyadic Obs Friend 45 mo. 45 mo. 33
Pitterle, 2003 AQS (P) Soc Skills Non-Friend 48 mo. 48 mo. 60
Purdue Sample
  Porter, 2009 AQS (P) Group Obs Non-Friend 48 mo. 48 mo. 54
  Walls, 1997 AQS (P) Soc Skills Non-Friend 16 mo. 51 mo. 33
Regan, 1996 SSP Soc Skills Friend 16 mo. 102 mo. 51
Ritchie, 1995 Low SES; At-Risk AQS (Obs) Soc Skills Non-Friend 58 mo. 58 mo. 23
Silverman, 1990 Males AQS (Obs) Soc Skills Non-Friend 41 mo. 41 mo. 18
Females AQS (Obs) Soc Skills Non-Friend 41 mo. 41 mo. 18
Smeekens et al., 2009 MSSP Blend Non-Friend 15 mo. 64 mo. 108
Stams et al., 2002 At-Risk; Effect for B SSP Blend Non-Friend 12 mo. 84 mo. 145
At-Risk; Effect for D SSP Blend Non-Friend 12 mo. 84 mo. 143
Suess et al., 1992 Mother-Child Attachment SSP Group Obs Non-Friend 12 mo. 60 mo. 35
Father-Child Attachment SSP Group Obs Non-Friend 18 mo. 60 mo. 33
Sull, 1995 AQS (P) Group Obs Non-Friend 56 mo. 56 mo. 89
Szewczyk-Sokolowski et al., 2005 AQS (Obs) Socio Non-Friend 54 mo. 54 mo. 98
Thompson, 2000 Not At-Risk MSSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 54 mo. 54 mo. 44
At-Risk MSSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 54 mo. 54 mo. 37
Turner, 1991 Males MSSP Group Obs Non-Friend 54 mo. 54 mo. 18
Females MSSP Group Obs Non-Friend 54 mo. 54 mo. 22
U. of Texas at Austin Sample
  Cutler, 1995 Father-Child Attachment AQS (P) Dyadic Obs Friend 45 mo. 45 mo. 35
  Goldetsky, 1999 Mother-Child Attachment SSP Dyadic Obs Friend 18 mo. 26 mo. 28
U. of Virginia Sample
  Cohn, 1990 Males; Effect for B MSSP Soc Skills; Socio Non-Friend 74 mo. 74 mo. 34
Females; Effect for B MSSP Soc Skills; Socio Non-Friend 74 mo. 74 mo. 46
Cohn, 1988 Males; Effect for D MSSP Socio Non-Friend 74 mo. 74 mo. 42
Females; Effect for D MSSP Socio Non-Friend 74 mo. 74 mo. 47
Van IJzendoorn et al., 1992 SSP Soc Skills; Group Obs Non-Friend 12 mo. 55 mo. 56
Vandell et al., 1988 SSP Dyadic Obs Non-Friend 12 mo. 15 mo. 28
Veríssimo et al., 2011 Mother-Child Attachment AQS (Obs) Socio Friend 32 mo. 54 mo. 35
Father-Child Attachment AQS (Obs) Socio Friend 32 mo. 54 mo. 35
Vondra et al., 1999 Low SES MSSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 18 mo. 85 mo. 88
Waters et al., 1979 MSSP Group Obs Non-Friend 15 mo. 42 mo. 32
Weatherill, 2007 Low SES; Not At-Risk SSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 12 mo. 48 mo. 29
Low SES; At-Risk SSP Soc Skills Non-Friend 12 mo. 48 mo. 56
Wood et al., 2004 AQS (P) Socio Non-Friend 42 mo. 57 mo. 37
Wu, 1992 AQS (P) Soc Skills; Socio Non-Friend 58 mo. 58 mo. 78
Youngblade & Belsky, 1992 Mother-Child Attachment SSP Dyadic Obs Friend 12 mo. 60 mo. 73
Father-Child Attachment SSP Dyadic Obs Friend 13 mo. 60 mo. 66
1

AQS = Waters and Deane (1985) Attachment Q-Set (Obs indicates completed by observer, P indicates completed by parent); MSSP = Modified SSP by reducing number of separations, lengthening duration of separation, combining SSP with Cassidy and Marvin/MacArthur Preschool Attachment Coding System; SSP = Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall (1978) Strange Situation procedure

2

Dyadic Obs = Directly observed social competence in dyads; Group Obs = Directly observed social competence in groups; Soc Skills = Reported Social Skills; Socio = Sociometrics; Blend = Blend of reported social skills, sociometrics, and/or direct observation of social competence

3

Values reflect sample size before winsorizing; winsorized N for High/Middle SES males = 185; winsorized N for High/Middle SES females = 175.