Table 1.

Medicinal plants use in Chail valley

*Taxon (BN/ VSN/ F/LN)	**Life form	Part used	Preparation method	Disease treated	***FC n = 142	****RFC	*** Previous uses in Neighboring regions
Achyranthes aspera L.	H	Stem	Dried ground stem mixed with powdered leaves of Menthalongifolia and taken orally.	High Fever, Chest problems	49	0.34	1 ●, 2 ▲, 3 ●, 4 ▲
ISL 582
Amaranthaceae
Spay Butay
Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes	H	Rhizome	Powder of dried rhizomes is used.	Joint pain, High fever, Stupor, Soothing	111	0.78	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 614
Ranunculaceae
Zahar Mora
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle	H	Roots and rhizomes	The dried pulverized roots are mixed with butter oil and taken orally.	Mild fever, Sexual weakness, Anthelminthic	69	0.48	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 615
Ranunculaceae
SarbaZelai
Acorus calamus L.	H	Root	Dried powdered roots are mixed with sugar and taken orally.	Digestive disorders, Chronic dysentery	43	0.30	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ■, 4 ■
ISL 587
Aracaceae
Skhawaja
Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth	H	Leaves	Leaves are washed, boiled in water and left overnight in dew; this decoction is taken before breakfast.	Skin infections, High fever	35	0.24	1 ■, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 599
Lamiaceae
Khawaja booti
Amaranthus spinosus L.	H	Leaves and young shoots	Leaves and young shoots are boiled in water and this decoction is directly used.	Biliousness	45	0.31	1 ▲, 2 ●, 3 ▲, 4 ●
ISL 583
Amaranthaceae
Chalveray
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.	H	Fruit and flower	Dried fruits and flowers mixed with dried fruits ofBuniumpersicum, ground and taken.	Heart diseases, Bronchial asthma/Breathing problems, Whooping cough	107	0.75	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 585
Apiaceae
Sperkai, Gangahai
Artemisia biennis Willd.	H	Leaves	Leaves are boiled in water and decoction is taken, Warm poultice of leaves is applied externally.	Digestive disorders, Anthelminthic, Skin infections	27	0.19	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 590
Asteraceae
Tarkha
Atropa acuminate Royle ex Lindl.	H	Leaves, roots and floral buds	Powdered roots, leaves and floral parts are taken with milk twice a day.	Urinary disorders, Stupor, Asthma/breathing problems	32	0.22	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 626
Solanaceae
Bargak
Berberis lyceum Royle	S	Root	Roots are dried and ground, butter oil is mixed with powder drug and taken with milk.	Hepatitis, Menorrhagia, Chronic fever, Jaundice	127	0.89	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ■
ISL 591
Berberidaceae
Speen Kwaray
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.	H	Rhizome	Decoction of rhizome is taken thrice a day.	Urinary disorders, Skin infections, Demulcent	44	0.30	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ■
ISL 623
Saxifragaceae
Gat panra,
Bistorta amplexicaulis (D.Don) Greene	H	Roots	Powdered roots are mixed with sugar and used with milk.	Urinary disorders, Cough, Sore throat, Joint pain	65	0.45	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 611
Polygonaceae
Anjabar, Tarvapanra
Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch	H	Fruits and leaves	Fresh ground leaves are taken orally, Fruits are boiled in water and decoction is used.	Hearts problems	17	0.11	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 586
Apiaceae
Thorazera, Da ghrasperkai
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand	S	Stem, leaves and flowers	Decoction of stem and leaves is taken; Latex is mixed with castor oil and applied on skin.	Malarial fever, Ulcer, Eczema, Ring worms	36	0.25	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ▲
ISL 589
Asclepiadaceae
Spulmai
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke	H	Leaves	Black pepper is mixed with decoction of leaves and taken in morning for regulating mental disorders.	Mental disorders, Sexual weakness	23	0.16	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 618
Rosaceae
Da zamakay toot
Elaeagnus angustifolia L.	S	Whole plant	The paste of young shoots is mixed with juice of Datis cacannabina and applied on forehead for curing headache.	Headache, Heart burning, Skin infections	113	0.79	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 593
Elaeagnaceae
Ghanum Rangay
Fragaria nubicola (Hook. f.) Lindl. ex Lacaita	H	Leaves and roots	Leaves and roots in powdered form are mixed Berberis lycium and used directly.	Skin infections, Urinary disorders, Diarrhea	41	0.28	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ■, 4 ●
ISL 619
Rosaceae
Da Zmakay Toot
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley	H	Whole plant	Decoction of plant is used thrice a day by adults.	Blood purifier, High fever, Chest pain	61	0.42	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 596
Fumariaceae
Paprra
Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet	H	Rhizomes	Rhizomes are dried and ground into powder form. This powder is mixed in wheat flour, sugar, butter oil and traditional sweet dish is cooked and is taken once in a day.	Backache, Mouth ulceration, Chronic diarrhea	132	0.92	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 598
Geraniaceae
Srazela, Ratanjot
Hedera nepalensis K. Koch	H	Leaves	Fresh and ground leaves are boiled in water and taken orally.	Heart disease, Cancer, Diabetes	105	0.73	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 588
Araliaceae
Palulzelai
Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd	S	Shoots and seeds	Seeds are boiled in water and then this decoction is taken orally.	Skin infections, blood purifier, Gastric and abdominal pain	18	0.12	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
			Fresh shoots are crushed and soup is made which is taken orally.
ISL 600
Lamiaceae
Sperkai, krachai
Justicia adhatoda L.	S	Root and leaves	Dried, ground leaves mixed with sugar and root extract mixed with honey are taken orally.	Asthma, Cold, Cough, High fever	86	0.60	1 ●, 2 ▲, 3 ●, 4 ■
ISL 581
Acanthaceae
Bhaikar
Maytenus royleana (Wall. ex M.A. Lawson) Cufod	S	Whole plant	Fresh leaves are collected, cleaned, crushed and extract is used as eyes drops.	Toothache, Eyes inflammation	45	0.31	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 592
Celastraceae
Spin Azghkay
Melia azedarach L.	T	Fruit	Ripened fruits are crushed and mixed with wheat flour.	Leprosy, Urinary disorders	49	0.34	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 605
Meliaceae
Shandai
Mentha longifolia (L.) L.	H	Leaves, shoots and floral tops	Dried leaves are ground to form powder drug and then taken orally.	Joint pain, Digestive disorders	126	0.88	1 ■, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ▲
ISL 601
			Leaves are boiled in water and then taken for curing digestive disorders.
Lamiaceae
Velanay
Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham ex D. Don) Benth.	H	Stem and leaves	Stem and leaves are chewed and juice swallowed.	Urinary disorders, Digestive disorders	71	0.5	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 602
Lamiaceae
Naraishamakai
Olea ferruginea (Sol.) Steud.	T	Leaves	Leaves are boiled in water and decoction is used thrice a day.	Gonorrhoea, High fever, Skin infections	65	0.45	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 606
Oleaceae
Khona
Origanum vulgare L.	H	Whole plant	Decoction of plant is taken orally.	Skin infections, Sexual weakness, Digestive disorders, Intestinal pain, Urinary disorders	135	0.95	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
			Juice made from crushed plant is used for curing stomach and urinary pain.
ISL 603
Lamiaceae
Shamakai
Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss.	S	Leaves	Leaves are dried, ground and powder is mixed with honey. A table spoon is taken once a day for wound healing.	Gum disease, Wounds	73	0.51	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 604
Lamiaceae
SpeenAzghakay
Oxalis corniculata L.	H	Whole Plant	Juice of fresh plant is used in stomach problems.	Digestive disorders, wounds,	46	0.32	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 607			Fresh leaves are crushed and applied to wounds to stop bleeding.	Jaundice,
Oxalidaceae
ManzakeenTarukay
Paeonia emodi Royle	H	Roots	Dried ground roots are fried and taken orally.	Diarrhea, Rheumatic pain, Gynecological disorders, Vomiting	92	0.64	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 608			Powdered roots mixed with butter oil and taken orally.
Paeoniaceae
Mamaikh
Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle.	H	Roots and rhizomes	Decoction of rhizome is taken twice a day for a week.	Digestive complaints, Heart disease	29	0.20	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 624
Scrophulariaceae
Karroo
stacia integerrima J.L. Stewart ex Brandis	T	Bark and fruit	The boil extract of bark is used.	Jaundice, Bronchial disorder	66	0.46	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 584			Fruit is roasted in mustard oil, ground and then used.
Anacardiaceae
Shanai, Kakarsinghai
Plantago lanceolata L.	H	Leaves and fruits	Leaves and fruits are boiled in water. The extract is cooled and mixed with sugar which is used for curing dysentery.	Urinary disorders, dysentery, Skin sores, Burns, Wounds	112	0.78	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ▲, 4 ●
ISL 609
Plantaginaceae
BaltangaJabai
Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Royle	H	Roots	A decoction of dried ground roots is taken thrice a day.	Vomiting, Purgative, Abdominal pain	57	0.40	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 610
Podophyllaceae
Gangora, Kakorra
Quercus incana Bartram	T	Bark and fruits	Half roasted fruit powder is mixed in honey and taken.	Urinary disorders, Asthma/breathing problems, Diarrhea, Gonorrhoea	50	0.35	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 595
Fagaceae
Spin Banj
Rheum australe D. Don	H	Whole plant	Powder of plant is sprayed over the wounds for early healing.	Intestinal pain, Skin infections, blood purifier	71	0.5	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 613
Polygonaceae
Chontal
Ricinus communis L.	S	Leaves and seeds	Leaves are heated and applied over the abdomen.	Constipation, Jaundice, Abdominal pain	64	0.45	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 594
Euphorbiaceae
Aranda, Harhanda
Rumex hastatus D. Don	S	Leaves and young shoots	Decoction of leaves and young shoots is taken thrice a day for the treatment of constipation	Urinary disorders, Cooling, Constipation, Worms problem	81	0.57	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 612
Polygonaceae			Dried ground leaves are taken orally with water for removal of tape worms.
Tarukay
Salix babylonica L.	T	Leaves	Leaves are warmed and wrapped around the infected wounds and areas of insect bites for releasing their poisonous effects.	Wounds, Insect bites	69	0.48	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 622
Salicaceae
Aseelawala
Skimmia laureola (DC.) Siebold & Zucc. exWalp.	S	Leaves	Dried ground leaves are taken orally with water.	Small pox, Worms problems, colic	129	0.90	1 ● , 2 ● , 3 ● , 4 ●
ISL 620
Rutaceae
Nazarpanra, Nameer
Swertia chirayita Roxb. H. Karst.	H	Whole plant	An infusion of the herb is generally employed.	Digestive disorders, Hepatitis, Worms problems, Dyspepsia, Diarrhea	82	0.57	1 ▲, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ■
ISL 597
Gentianaceae
Chirayata
Valeriana jatamansi Jones	H	Rhizome	Dried ground rhizome is taken orally with milk.	Intestinal pain, neurosis, Insomnia, Constipation	61	0.42	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ▲, 4 ■
ISL 628
Valerianaceae
Shingatai
Verbascum thapsus L.	H	Leaves, floral parts and seeds	Decoction of seeds is taken orally.	Diarrhea, Dysentery, Analgesic, Skin infections	42	0.29	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
			Decoction of floral part is applied externally to the burnt part of the body.
ISL 625
Scrophulariaceae
KharGhwag
Viola pilosa Blume	H	Leaves and flowers	Decoction of dried ground leaves and flowers mixed with honey is used thrice a day.	Chest pain, High and mild fever, Stomach ulcer	115	0.80	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 630
Violaceae
Banafsha
Vitex negundo L.	S	Leaves and stem	Leaves are boiled in water, filtered and extract is use orally.	Mild fever, Urinary disorders, Worms problem anthelmintic	78	0.54	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 629
Verbenaceae
Marwandai
Withanias omnifera (L.) Dunal	S	Whole plant	Roots are ground and mixed with wheat flour and butter oil and a traditional sweet is made which is used as tonic.	Urinary disorders, Sexual weakness, narcotic, Rheumatic pain	83	0.58	1 ●, 2 ■, 3 ●, 4 ●
ISL 627
Solanaceae
Kutilal
Zanthoxylum armatum DC.	S	Bark and fruit	Decoction of bark is use orally.	Digestive disorders, Skin infections, Gum diseases, Toothache	123	0.86	1 ●, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ■
ISL 621			Young shoots are chewed and juice is swallowed to treat the gum diseases and toothache.
Rutaceae
Dambara, Timbar
Zizyphus jujuba Mill.	T	Leaves and fruits	Leaves are chewed by diabetic patients to decrease sugar level.	Skin infections, Diabetes	112	0.78	1 ▲, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ▲
ISL 616
Rhamnaceae
Markhanai, Unnab
Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew.	S	Roots and fruits	Roots are crushed and boiled in water. The extract is cooled, filtered and kept in dew overnight. This decoction is taken in morning for curing jaundice.	Jaundice, Burnings	79	0.55	1 ▲, 2 ●, 3 ●, 4 ▲
ISL 617
Rhamnaceae
Markhanai, Elanai

*BN = Botanical Name, VSN = Voucher Specimen Number, F = Family, VN = Vernacular Name.

**H = Herb, S = Shrub, T = Tree.

***FC = Frequency Citation, ****RFC = Relative frequency of Citation.

Symbols indicate comparison of use with neighboring regions: (■) Similar use, (▲) Different use. (●) Use not reported.