Table 2.

Main risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) or acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in patients with malignant plasma cell dyscrasias.

(1) Comorbidities: chronic kidney disease, diabetes, aging, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
(2) Volume depletion (e.g., dehydration, etc.)
(3) Hypercalcemia
(4) Hyperuricemia
(5) Repeated iodinated contrast media administration
(6) Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs
(7) Diuretics
(8) Aminoglycosides
(9) Hyperviscosity syndrome