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. 2014 Apr 24;11:82. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-82

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Copyright © 2014 Turtzo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Temporal changes in cytokine RNA expression in the brain after traumatic brain injury. RNA expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in ipsilateral brain changes in the first days to 8 weeks after injury. Initial fold changes were detected using pooled samples for each time point in a rat cytokine array. Fold changes greater than fourfold relative to baseline were subsequently verified in custom arrays by running individual samples in triplicate for each time point. Maximum fold changes were occurred for interleukin 1β (Il1β), IL-11 (Il11) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl1) at 24 hours postinjury. Maximum fold changes occurred for colony-stimulating factor 1 (Csf1) 3 to 5 days postinjury, IL-18 (Il18) peaked at 5 days postinjury and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1rn) was elevated from 24 hours to 5 days postinjury. Error bars indicate standard errors of the mean. *P < 0.05.