Table 1.
Baseline distribution of lifestyle risk factors, the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort a
| Men (n = 10,235) | Women (n = 12,234) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (range) |
51.9 (40, 65.8) |
49.3 (40, 66.0) |
| Smoking category (%) |
|
|
| Never smokers |
3,156 (30.8) |
5,808 (47.5) |
| Long-term quitters (>10 years) |
3,414 (33.4) |
2,384 (19.5) |
| Short-term quitters (≤10 years) |
1,206 (11.8) |
1,194 (9.8) |
| Light smokers (≤10 cigarettes/day) |
638 (6.2) |
1,228 (10.0) |
| Heavy smokers (>10 cigarettes/day) |
1,821 (17.8) |
1,620 (13.2) |
| Body weight status (%) |
|
|
| Optimal BMI (22.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) |
2,379 (23.2) |
3,168 (25.9) |
| Low BMI (<22.5 kg/m2) |
913 (8.9) |
3,728 (30.5) |
| Overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) |
5,262 (51.5) |
3,595 (29.4) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) |
1,681 (16.4) |
1,743 (14.2) |
| Alcoholic drinks/day (%) |
|
|
| ≤2 (men)/ ≤0.5 (women) |
6,060 (59.2) |
7,278 (59.5) |
| 2.1 to 4 (men)/ 0.6 to 1 (women) |
2,700 (26.4) |
2,649 (21.7) |
| >4 (men)/ >1 (women) |
1,475 (14.4) |
2,307 (18.8) |
| Leisure time physical activity (%) |
|
|
| High (≥36 METS-hours/week) |
4,853 (47.4) |
6,043 (49.4) |
| Low (<36 METS-hours/week) |
5,382 (52.6) |
6,191 (50.6) |
| Processed/red meat consumption (%) |
|
|
| Low (<120 g/day) |
6,912 (67.5) |
11,118 (90.9) |
| High (≥120 g/day) |
3,323 (32.5) |
1,116 (9.1) |
| Vegetable/fruit consumption (%) |
|
|
| High (≥200 g/day) |
5,200 (50.8) |
7,751 (63.4) |
| Low (<200 g/day) |
5,035 (49.2) |
4,483 (36.6) |
| Cereal consumption (%) |
|
|
| High (≥200 g/day) |
5,185 (50.7) |
3,931 (32.1) |
| Low (<200 g/day) |
5,050 (49.3) |
8,303 (67.9) |
| Fish consumption (%) |
|
|
| High (≥15 g/day) |
6,363 (62.2) |
6,066 (49.6) |
| Low (<15 g/day) |
3,872 (37.8) |
6,168 (50.4) |
| Dairy product consumption (%) |
|
|
| Low (<200 g/day) |
5,797 (56.6) |
5,961 (48.7) |
| High (≥200 g/day) |
4,438 (43.4) |
6,273 (51.3) |
| Education level (%) |
|
|
| No/primary school |
3,067 (30.0) |
3,176 (26.0) |
| Secondary/professional |
3,288 (32.1) |
5,965 (48.7) |
| University |
3,880 (37.9) |
3,093 (25.3) |
| Self-reported hypertension (%) |
|
|
| No |
6,886 (67.3) |
9,435 (77.1) |
| Yes |
3,349 (32.7) |
2,799 (22.9) |
| Self-reported hyperlipidemia (%) |
|
|
| No |
5,989 (58.5) |
8,769 (71.7) |
| Yes | 4,246 (41.5) | 3,465 (28.3) |
aParticipants with pre-existing diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer were excluded. BMI, body mass index; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; METS, metabolic equivalents.