Table 2.
HR (95% CI) of lifestyle risk factors for all-cause mortality, the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort a
| |
Men (n = 10,235) |
Women (n = 12,234) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths | Univariate | Multivariable b | Deaths | Univariate | Multivariable b | |
| Smoking category |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never smokers |
209 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
273 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Long-term quitters |
313 |
1.29 (1.09, 1.54) |
1.21 (1.01, 1.44) |
84 |
1.01 (0.79, 1.29) |
1.03 (0.80, 1.32) |
| Short-term quitters |
118 |
2.13 (1.70, 2.68) |
1.87 (1.49, 2.35) |
33 |
1.10 (0.77, 1.58) |
1.14 (0.79, 1.64) |
| Light smokers |
71 |
2.26 (1.73, 2.96) |
2.02 (1.54, 2.65) |
66 |
1.93 (1.47, 2.53) |
2.00 (1.52, 2.63) |
| Heavy smokers |
329 |
4.20 (3.53, 5.00) |
3.49 (2.90, 4.18) |
103 |
2.82 (2.23, 3.55) |
2.75 (2.16, 3.48) |
| Body weight status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Optimal BMI |
164 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
114 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Low BMI |
90 |
1.78 (1.37, 2.30) |
1.61 (1.23, 2.07) |
127 |
1.38 (1.07, 1.78) |
1.34 (1.04, 1.73) |
| Overweight |
535 |
1.28 (1.08, 1.53) |
1.16 (0.97, 1.38) |
185 |
1.10 (0.87, 1.39) |
1.08 (0.85, 1.37) |
| Obesity |
251 |
1.83 (1.50, 2.22) |
1.51 (1.23, 1.86) |
133 |
1.56 (1.21, 2.00) |
1.55 (1.19, 2.02) |
| Alcoholic drinks/day |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤2 (men)/ ≤0.5 (women) |
494 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
343 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 2.1 to 4 (men)/ 0.6 to 1 (women) |
299 |
1.36 (1.18, 1.57) |
1.24 (1.07, 1.44) |
101 |
0.87 (0.70, 1.09) |
0.86 (0.69, 1.08) |
| >4 (men)/ >1 (women) |
247 |
2.07 (1.78, 2.42) |
1.50 (1.28, 1.75) |
115 |
1.24 (1.00, 1.53) |
1.15 (0.92, 1.44) |
| Leisure time physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low versus high |
555/485 |
1.11 (0.98, 1.26) |
1.05 (0.93, 1.19) |
310/249 |
1.24 (1.05, 1.46) |
1.16 (0.98, 1.37) |
| Processed/red meat consumption |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High versus low |
393/647 |
1.43 (1.26, 1.62) |
1.21 (1.06, 1.38) |
72/487 |
1.54 (1.20, 1.97) |
1.40 (1.08, 1.80) |
| Vegetable/fruit consumption |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low versus high |
578/462 |
1.32 (1.16, 1.49) |
1.19 (1.05, 1.35) |
222/337 |
1.19 (1.01, 1.41) |
1.11 (0.93, 1.32) |
| Cereal consumption |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low versus high |
596/444 |
1.19 (1.06, 1.35) |
1.08 (0.96, 1.23) |
407/152 |
1.10 (0.91, 1.33) |
1.04 (0.86, 1.26) |
| Fish consumption |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low versus high |
427/613 |
1.11 (0.98, 1.26) |
1.04 (0.91, 1.18) |
296/263 |
1.20 (1.02, 1.42) |
1.17 (0.99, 1.39) |
| Dairy product consumption |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High versus low | 407/633 | 0.92 (0.81, 1.05) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.22) | 277/282 | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.86, 1.21) |
aParticipants with pre-existing diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer were excluded. bThe lifestyle risk factors were mutually adjusted for. Education and self-reported hypertension and hyperlipidemia were also adjusted for as confounding factors. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HR, hazard ratio.