Table 3.
Estimated loss of RLE (95% CI) associated with individual lifestyle risk factors for 40-year-old men and women, the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort a
| Men (n = 10,235) | Women (n = 12,234) | |
|---|---|---|
| Smoking category |
|
|
| Never smokers |
0 |
0 |
| Long-term quitters |
1.4 (0.3, 2.4) |
0.2 (−1.4, 1.9)b |
| Short-term quitters |
4.8 (3.3, 6.3) |
0.9 (−1.2, 3.2)b |
| Light smokers |
5.3 (3.6, 7.1) |
5.0 (3.2, 6.6) |
| Heavy smokers |
9.4 (8.3,10.6) |
7.3 (6.0, 8.9) |
| Body weight status |
|
|
| Optimal BMI |
0 |
0 |
| Low BMI |
3.5 (1.8, 5.1) |
2.1 (0.5, 3.6) |
| Overweight |
1.1 (0.1, 2.3) |
0.6 (−0.8, 2.3)b |
| Obesity |
3.1 (1.9, 4.4) |
3.2 (1.8, 5.1) |
| Alcoholic drinks/day |
|
|
| ≤2 (men)/ ≤0.5 (women) |
0 |
0 |
| 2.1 to 4 (men)/ 0.6 to 1 (women) |
1.7 (0.8, 2.7) |
−1.0 (−2.6, 0.3)b |
| >4 (men)/ >1 (women) |
3.1 (1.9, 4.0) |
1.0 (−0.3, 2.4)b |
| Leisure time physical activity |
|
|
| High |
0 |
0 |
| Low |
0.4 (−0.3, 1.2)b |
1.1 (0.05, 2.1) |
| Processed/red meat consumption |
|
|
| Low |
0 |
0 |
| High |
1.4 (0.6, 2.2) |
2.4 (1.0, 3.9) |
| Vegetable/fruit consumption |
|
|
| High |
0 |
0 |
| Low | 1.3 (0.4, 2.1) | 0.8 (−0.2, 1.9)b |
aParticipants with pre-existing diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer were excluded. bMinus sign denotes a gain in RLE. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; RLE, residual life expectancy.