Table 3.

Societal burden of chronic pain stages without and with adjustment for age and disease load (N = 2452)

Pain stages	Variable	Mean (Minimum- maximum)	Unadjusted rate ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted rate ratio (95% CI)
No pain	Days of sick leave/disability	3.9 (0–365)	1.0	1.0
Non-disabling pain		6.4 (0–336)	1.6 (1.5-1.7)	1.8 (1.7-1.9)
Disabling pain		24.8 (0–365)	6.4 (6.1-6.6)	6.8 (6.5-7.1)
No pain	Doctor visits	3.4 (0–50)	1.0	1.0
Non-disabling pain		8.4 (0–60)	2.5 (2.4-2.8)	1.7 (1.6-1.8)
Disabling pain		15.1 (0–70)	4.5 (4.3-4.7)	2.6 (2.4-2.7)
No pain	Nights in hospital	0.6 (0–80)	1.0	1.0
Non-disabling pain		1.7 (0–72)	2.7 (2.4-2.9)	1.5 (1.3-1.6)
Disabling pain		7.4 (0–110)	11.7 (10.8-12.7)	5.0 (4.5-5.5)