Methods | Randomised controlled trial (SCRIPT trial II) of a cognitive behaviour therapy intervention to support women to stop smoking in pregnancy Study conducted in 4 public maternity clinics of the Jefferson County Health Department in Birmingham, Alabama (USA), with recruitment from September 1987 to November 1989 |
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Participants |
Inclusion criteria: Pregnant women who self-reported smoking during the first prenatal visit ‘at least one puff of one cigarette in the last 7 days’ Exclusion criteria: >= 32 weeks’ gestation, did not stay for visit or did not return, prisoners, or had difficulty reading the baseline questionnaire Recruitment: 1171/4352 (27%) of women screened at first prenatal visit were current smokers and 210 (3%) spontaneous quitters (who were included in a separate trial: Lowe 1997). 994/1061 (94%) eligible women agreed to participate and were randomised (C = 501, I = 493) Baseline characteristics: Mean cotinine 114 ng/mL. 45% had low cotinine levels (< 99 ng/mL) Mean age = 24.6 years; Mean education = 12.4 years; Black = 52% Progress+ coding: Low SES in this review as attending public maternity clinic |
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Interventions |
Control: 2-minute talk on smoking in 30 minute group session at first antenatal visit in which women were urged to quit and given 2 pamphlets: “Smoking and the two of you”’+ “Where to find help if you want to stop” including the name, contact phone number and cost of their local program. Intervention: Based on cognitive behaviour therapy: (i) 15-minute standardised cessation skills and risk counselling session from trained female health education counsellor + 7-day self-directed cessation guide on how to quit written at 6th Grade level (ii) Clinic reinforcement (chart sticker) + letter from Doctor within 7 days (iii) Social support in form of a ‘buddy’ letter, contract and buddy tip sheet + monthly newsletter with testimonials, cessation tips and additional information on risks Main intervention strategy: Counselling (multiple intervention) compared to a less intensive intervention Intensity: Frequency (C = 1, I = 4), Duration: (C = 1, I = 3). Intervention provided by dedicated project staff: Efficacy study |
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Outcomes | Biochemically validated point prevalence abstinence at 4-8 weeks after first visit (midpoint), 32 weeks’ gestation (late pregnancy*). “Significant” reduction* if cotinine at least 50% value of baseline cotinine* Cost estimates. Separate trial reports data on spontaneous quitters (Lowe 1997). |
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Notes | ||
Risk of bias | ||
Bias | Authors’ judgement | Support for judgement |
Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Low risk | Computer-generated. |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Not reported. |
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes |
Unclear risk | Attrition 180/994 (18%) due withdrawal from the service, miscarriage or abortion (C = 87, I = 93) were not included in analysis, leaving C = 414, I = 400 Further 15% lost to follow-up survey or cotinine analysis included as continuing smokers in this review |
Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Unclear risk | Data on gestation and birthweight were collected but the published analysis is by stopping smoking and the timing of cessation rather than by allocation, so not included in outcome tables |
Other bias | Unclear risk | No other bias detected. |
Biochemical validation of smoking abstinence (detection bias) | Low risk | Biochemical validation of smoking status using salivary cotinine (cut-off >= 30 ng/mL) |
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes |
High risk | Notes flagged. Educational intervention. |
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes |
Unclear risk | Not reported. |
Incomplete implementation | Low risk | Process evaluation showed 100% implementation of counselling and social support, and 88% for re-inforecement at subsequent visits |
Equal baseline characteristics in study arms | Low risk | NS difference in baseline cotinine. |
Contamination of control group | Low risk | Trained counsellor, not pregnancy care provider, delivered the intervention |