Table 1. Prevalence and Determinants of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infections (Positive HBsAg) Among Persons ≥1 Year of Age in Wuwei City, China.
| Variables | Investigated, n | Prevalence of HBsAg (95%CI),% | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | ||
| Age ≥1 ye | Age 1–14 ye | Age 15–59 yf | ||||
| All participants | 28,044 | 7.2 (6.3–8.1) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 15,826 | 6.8 (5.9–7.6)* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Male | 12,218 | 7.8 (6.5–9.0) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.17 (1.06–1.30) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) |
| Age | ||||||
| 1–4 y | 289 | 1.3 (0.0–2.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA |
| 5–9 y | 1,360 | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) | 1.6 (0.6–4.1) | 1.9 (0.6–5.6) | 1.8 (0.6–5.5) | NA |
| 10–14 y | 2,324 | 3.4 (2.4–4.5) | 2.4 (1.0–6.0) | 2.7 (0.9–7.7) | 2.4 (0.8–6.9) | NA |
| 15–19 y | 2,520 | 6.4 (5.1–7.7)* | 3.8 (1.5–9.3) | 5.7 (2.0–16.5) | NA | 1 |
| 20–29 y | 2,315 | 8.4 (6.2–10.7)* | 5.2 (2.1–12.8) | 8.0 (2.8–22.8) | NA | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
| 30–39 y | 4,164 | 8.3 (6.8–9.7) * | 5.0 (2.1–12.3) | 7.6 (2.7–21.7) | NA | 1.2(0.9–1.6) |
| 40–49 y | 6,980 | 8.7 (7.4–10.0) * | 5.7 (2.4–14.0) | 7.9 (2.8–22.3) | NA | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) |
| 50–59 y | 4,076 | 8.5 (7.4–9.6) * | 5.25 (2.2–12.8) | 7.5 (2.6–21.1) | NA | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
| 60–69 y | 2,673 | 6.2 (5.1–7.3) * | 3.7 (1.5–9.2) | 5.2 (1.8–14.7) | NA | NA |
| ≥70 | 1,343 | 5.1 (3.6–6.6) * | 3.2 (1.3–8.0) | 4.2 (1.4–12.1) | NA | NA |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Han | 26,515 | 7.3(6.3–8.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Uigur | 263 | 4.7 (3.8–5.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) |
| Tibetan | 990 | 5.8 (4.5–7.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 3.6 (1.3–9.6) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
| Others | 276 | 5.2 (2.9–7.5) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.0 (0.0–999.9) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) |
| Occupation (15–59 y) | ||||||
| Student | 2,629 | 7.1 (6.0–8.2) | 1 | NA | NA | 1 |
| Farmer | 13,285 | 9.1 (7.5–10.7) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | NA | NA | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
| Worker | 960 | 5.9 (4.3–7.6) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | NA | NA | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) |
| Cadre | 223 | 4.4 (0.1–8.6) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | NA | NA | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) |
| Teacher | 440 | 6.4 (3.2–9.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | NA | NA | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
| Health care worker | 219 | 4.9 (4.0–5.8) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | NA | NA | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) |
| Unemployed | 1,419 | 7.6 (6.2–9.0) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | NA | NA | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
| Othersa | 880 | 8.8 (6.9–10.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | NA | NA | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) |
| Education (15–59 y) | ||||||
| Illiterate and primary school | 8,125 | 8.3 (6.8–9.8) | 1 | NA | NA | 1 |
| Middle school | 7,239 | 8.8 (7.3–10.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | NA | NA | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) |
| High school | 3,397 | 8.2 (7.2–9.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | NA | NA | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
| Junior college and Undergraduate degree | 1,294 | 5.8 (4.3–7.2) | 0.7(0.5–0.9) | NA | NA | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) |
| Marital status (participants aged >20 y) | ||||||
| Never married | 957 | 7.7 (4.8–10.7) | 1 | NA | NA | 1 |
| Married | 19,614 | 8.0 (6.9–9.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | NA | NA | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
| Othersb | 579 | 7.9 (4.8–11.0) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | NA | NA | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) |
| Urban/Rural | ||||||
| Urban | 6,092 | 6.1 (5.3–7.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 21,952 | 7.7 (6.5–8.9) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) |
| HBV vaccination | ||||||
| No | 16,593 | 8.5 (7.2–9.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 9,085 | 5.0 (4.0–5.9) * | 0.5 (0.4– 0.6) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) |
| Unclear | 2,366 | 7.0 (5.5–8.5) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.4–1.7) | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) |
| Household contact with HBV carriers c | ||||||
| No | 25,454 | 6.6 (5.6–7.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1,690 | 15.3 (10.5–20.2) * | 2.5 (2.2–2.9) | 2.6 (2.2–3.0) | 3.8 (2.2–6.5) | 3.0 (2.5–3.6) |
| Unclear | 900 | 10.0 (7.6–12.4) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 1.7 (0.8–3.6) | 2.1 (1.5–2.9) |
| Acupuncture | ||||||
| No | 25,806 | 7.11 (6.2–8.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 2,238 | 8.1 (6.0–10.1) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.4 (0.0–2.8) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) |
| Surgery | ||||||
| No | 19,914 | 6.9 (6.3–7.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 8,130 | 7.9 (5.4–10.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
| Endoscopy examination | ||||||
| No | 25,820 | 7.1 (6.2–8.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 2,224 | 8.0 (6.4–9.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.4 (0.1–2.9) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
| Blood transfusion | ||||||
| No | 27,034 | 7.2(6.2–8.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1,010 | 7.5 (4.1–11.0) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.4 (0.1–3.0) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) |
| Beauty treatments in public places d | ||||||
| No | 20,670 | 6.9 (6.3–7.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 7,374 | 7.9 (5.3–10.4) | 1.1 (1.0–1.201) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) |
| Dental treatment | ||||||
| No | 22,343 | 7.0 (6.2–7.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 5,701 | 7.8 (6.1–9.6) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.8 (0.3–1.6) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) |
HbsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen; NA: not applicable; OR: odds ratio.
*P<0.05 comparing results with the first sub-groups in each variable.
a
Mainly includes rural migrant workers and individuals engaging in other temporary work.
b
Includes living with partner, divorced, or widowed.
c
Includes spouse, parents, brothers, sisters, and other members with HBV infection in the family.
d
Includes barber shop shaving, tattooing, and ear piercings.
e
Adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, HBV vaccination, household contact with HBV carriers, acupuncture, surgery, endoscopy, blood transfusion, beauty treatments in public places and dental work.
f
Adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, occupation, education, marital status, HBV vaccination, household contact with HBV carriers, acupuncture, surgery, endoscopy, blood transfusion, beauty treatments in public places, and dental work.