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Valence band ionization potentials of MAPbI3 with respect to the vacuum level. Calculations were performed on the nonpolar (110) surface with slab thickness of 25 Å and a vacuum thickness of 15 Å. The Kohn–Sham eigenvalues (PBEsol) are corrected by the bulk quasi-particle energies (ΔE = 0.2 eV). Values for the energetically similar inorganic thin-film absorber Cu2ZnSnS445 and Si46 are shown for comparison.
