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S. flexneri modulate host enzymes to regulate S1P level. (A) CFUs of avirulent BS176 and M90T in Caco-2 cells 2 h following infection. ***p<0.0001. (B) S1P is formed by phosphorylation of sphingosine that is catalyzed by sphingosine kinase (SK) and breaks down by S1P lyase (S1PL) and S1P phosphatase (S1PP). (C) mRNA expression of S1PL, S1PP1, S1PP2, SK1, and SK2 of Caco-2 cells infected with avirulent BS176 (3 h) or M90T (1 and 3 h).
