Figure 3.

PapMV nanoparticles improve the systemic antibody response against TIV and NP. Balb/C mice (10/group) were vaccinated twice at a 14-day interval with TIV alone or adjuvanted with PapMV nanoparticles by intranasal (i.n.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) routes. Bleedings were performed at day 28 and ELISA were conducted to evaluate the levels of total IgG (A), IgG2a (B) or IgA (C) against TIV and IgG2a against NP (D). Titers against TIV or GST-NP were not detected in the blood or BAL of PapMV nanoparticles or buffer vaccinated mice. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.