IFN-alpha increases Glu/Cr in dACC and left basal ganglia region. Regional changes in glutamate concentrations normalized to creatine (delta Glu/Cr) between visit 1 and 2 in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), left and right basal ganglia regions are depicted in interferon (IFN)-alpha-treated (closed circles) and control subjects (open circles). Delta Glu/Cr (visit 2−visit 1) was significantly increased in IFN-alpha-treated patients compared with controls in the dACC and left basal ganglia (t=3.91, df=28, p<0.001 and t=2.10, df=27, p=0.046, respectively). No changes were seen in the right basal ganglia. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001.