Table 2. Associationsa Between Baseline Inflammatory and Metabolic Dysregulation and 2-Year Depressive Disorder Chronicity in Antidepressant Users.
| Antidepressant users (N=315) | Recently started antidepressant usersb (N=103) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
OR |
95% CI |
P-Value |
OR |
95% CI |
P-Value |
| Continuous measuresc | ||||||
| C-reactive protein | 1.19 | 0.93–1.51 | 0.16 | 0.90 | 0.57–1.41 | 0.64 |
| Interleukin-6 | 1.56 | 1.20–2.02 | 0.001 | 2.22 | 1.23–3.98 | 0.008 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α | 0.99 | 0.78–1.25 | 0.93 | 1.12 | 0.67–1.86 | 0.67 |
| Waist circumference | 1.21 | 0.93–1.57 | 0.15 | 1.85 | 1.07–3.21 | 0.03 |
| Triglycerides | 1.19 | 0.91–1.56 | 0.19 | 2.08 | 1.17–3.70 | 0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol | 0.82 | 0.63–1.06 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 0.38–1.01 | 0.05 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.87 | 0.67–1.13 | 0.31 | 1.39 | 0.78–2.49 | 0.26 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 0.95 | 0.74–1.21 | 0.67 | 1.19 | 0.73–1.60 | 0.48 |
| Glucose | 1.27 | 0.96–1.68 | 0.10 | 3.16 | 1.45–6.86 | 0.004 |
| Dichotomous measures | ||||||
| High C-reactive protein | 1.33 | 0.83–2.14 | 0.23 | 1.26 | 0.51–3.13 | 0.62 |
| High interleukin-6 | 2.18 | 1.35–3.52 | 0.001 | 2.72 | 0.97–7.63 | 0.06 |
| High tumor necrosis factor-α | 0.93 | 0.58–1.51 | 0.77 | 1.15 | 0.44–3.05 | 0.77 |
| Abdominal obesity | 0.92 | 0.56–1.52 | 0.75 | 1.24 | 0.45–3.41 | 0.68 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 1.78 | 1.01–3.14 | 0.05 | 8.43 | 2.03–34.98 | 0.003 |
| Low HDL cholesterol | 2.08 | 1.09–3.99 | 0.03 | 4.79 | 1.28–17.93 | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 0.70 | 0.40–1.23 | 0.22 | 1.67 | 0.58–4.79 | 0.34 |
| Hyperglycemia | 2.44 | 1.25–4.79 | 0.009 | 8.01 | 1.78–36.05 | 0.007 |
| Summary measures | ||||||
| Total number of dysregulations | 1.18 | 1.03–1.35 | 0.02 | 1.59 | 1.17–2.17 | 0.003 |
| ⩾4 Dysregulations | 1.90 | 1.12–3.23 | 0.02 | 6.85 | 1.95–24.06 | 0.003 |
Abbreviation: HDL=high-density lipoprotein.
a
On the basis of logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, and number of chronic diseases; inflammatory markers were additionally adjusted for anti-inflammatory medication.
b
0–3 Months of antidepressant use.
c
Per SD of normally distributed variable—ln(CRP): SD=1.30; ln(IL-6): SD=0.96; ln(TNF-α): SD=0.61; waist circumference: SD=15.4; ln(triglycerides): SD=0.58; HDL cholesterol: SD=0.43; systolic blood pressure: SD=19.2; diastolic blood pressure: SD=11.1; ln(glucose): SD=0.18. No corrections for multiple testing were applied.