TABLE 2.
Important genes downregulated in PTE-treated C. albicans compared to C. albicans without treatment
| Functional group and gene namea | Descriptiona | Extent of regulation (fold change relative to control)b |
|---|---|---|
| Filamentation | ||
| orf19.4749 | Predicted ORF from assembly 19; hypha-induced expression, regulated by Cyr1p, Ras1p, Efg1p | 0.17 ± 0.08 |
| ALS10 | Agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) family protein | 0.17 ± 0.13 |
| ECE1 | Protein comprising eight 34-residue repeats; expression specific to hyphae, increases with extent of elongation of the cell | 0.19 ± 0.12 |
| MET14 | Predicted role in sulfur metabolism; induced upon biofilm formation; possibly adherence induced | 0.29 ± 0.09 |
| orf19.6920 | Predicted ORF from assembly 19; induced upon biofilm formation | 0.31 ± 0.18 |
| SAP5 | Secreted aspartyl proteinase | 0.32 ± 0.03 |
| SAP4 | Secreted aspartyl proteinase | 0.32 ± 0.14 |
| MET15 | O-Acetylhomoserine O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase; involved in sulfur amino acid biosynthesis; biofilms, possibly adherence induced | 0.34 ± 0.17 |
| RAS1 | RAS signal transduction GTPase; regulates cAMP and MAP kinase pathways; involved in hyphal induction, virulence, and heat shock sensitivity | 0.42 ± 0.08 |
| orf19.5905 | Predicted ORF from assembly 19; induced upon biofilm formation | 0.43 ± 0.21 |
| SAM2 | S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase; localizes to surface of hyphae, not yeast cells | 0.48 ± 0.17 |
| Ergosterol biosynthetic process | ||
| ERG2 | C-8 sterol isomerase; enzyme of ergosterol biosynthesis pathway; converts fecosterol to episterol | 0.23 ± 0.05 |
| ERG1 | Squalene epoxidase, catalyzes epoxidation of squalene to 2,3(S)-oxidosqualene in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway | 0.23 ± 0.11 |
| ERG6 | Delta(24)-sterol C-methyltransferase, converts zymosterol to fecosterol in ergosterol biosynthesis | 0.24 ± 0.06 |
| UPC2 | Transcription factor involved in regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis genes and sterol uptake; binds ERG2 promoter | 0.24 ± 0.17 |
| ERG9 | Putative farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyl transferase (squalene synthase) involved in the sterol biosynthesis pathway | 0.26 ± 0.06 |
| ERG5 | Putative C-22 sterol desaturase (fungal C-22 sterol desaturases are cytochrome P450 enzymes of ergosterol biosynthesis) | 0.26 ± 0.09 |
| ERG26 | C-3 sterol dehydrogenase, catalyzes the second of three steps in ergosterol biosynthesis | 0.28 ± 0.08 |
| ERG3 | C-5 sterol desaturase; introduces C-5(6) double bond into episterol in ergosterol biosynthesis | 0.32 ± 0.07 |
| ERG25 | Putative C-4 methyl sterol oxidase with role in C-4 demethylation of ergosterol biosynthesis intermediates | 0.32 ± 0.09 |
| ERG24 | C-14 sterol reductase, has a role in ergosterol biosynthesis | 0.35 ± 0.07 |
| ERG4 | Protein described as similar to sterol C-24 reductase | 0.36 ± 0.06 |
| ERG11 | Lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, member of cytochrome P450 family that functions in ergosterol biosynthesis | 0.38 ± 0.09 |
| ERG27 | 3-Keto sterol reductase of ergosterol biosynthesis; acts in C-4 sterol demethylation with Erg25p and Erg26p | 0.41 ± 0.15 |
| ERG13 | Protein similar to S. cerevisiae Erg13p, which is involved in ergosterol biosynthesis | 0.42 ± 0.01 |
| ERG10 | Protein described as similar to acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; protein of ergosterol biosynthesis | 0.42 ± 0.12 |
| Oxidoreductase activity | ||
| CFL11 | Protein similar to ferric reductase Fre10p | 0.06 ± 0.05 |
| ILV5 | Ketol-acid reductoisomerase; regulated by Gcn4; macrophage-repressed protein | 0.17 ± 0.06 |
| orf19.2286 | Putative deoxyhypusine hydroxylase; protein level decreases in stationary-phase cultures; required for biofilm formation | 0.23 ± 0.04 |
| MAE1 | Putative malate permease; induced during macrophage infection; putative peroxisome targeting signal | 0.28 ± 0.13 |
| orf19.6899 | Putative oxidoreductase; mutation confers hypersensitivity to toxic ergosterol analogue | 0.35 ± 0.20 |
| orf19.5517 | Similar to alcohol dehydrogenases; induced by benomyl treatment, nitric oxide; oxidative stress induced via Cap1 | 0.36 ± 0.07 |
| IDP1 | Putative isocitrate dehydrogenase; transcriptionally induced by interaction with macrophage | 0.36 ± 0.12 |
| GCV2 | Glycine decarboxylase P-subunit; protein of glycine catabolism; repressed by Efg1 | 0.38 ± 0.07 |
| MCS7 | Uncharacterized | 0.40 ± 0.13 |
| GPD1 | Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; glycerol biosynthesis; regulated by Tsa1, Tsa1B under H2O2 stress conditions | 0.40 ± 0.16 |
| CBP1 | Corticosteroid binding protein; contains possible NAD/FAD binding region; regulated by Nrg1, Tup1 | 0.41 ± 0.05 |
| orf19.3810 | Orthologue(s) has methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity | 0.42 ± 0.08 |
| SLD1 | Sphingolipid delta-8 desaturase; catalyzes desaturation at C-8 in the long-chain base moiety of ceramides in glucosylceramide synthesis | 0.43 ± 0.20 |
| orf19.5136 | Putative pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate oxidase; planktonic growth and early-stage flow model biofilm induced | 0.44 ± 0.15 |
| orf19.225 | Predicted 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase; Hap43-repressed gene | 0.46 ± 0.11 |
| HOM6 | Putative homoserine dehydrogenase; Gcn4 regulated; macrophage-induced protein | 0.48 ± 0.07 |
| SOU1 | Enzyme involved in utilization of l-sorbose; has sorbitol dehydrogenase, fructose reductase, and sorbose reductase activities | 0.49 ± 0.09 |
| orf19.1306 | Uncharacterized | 0.49 ± 0.16 |
| orf19.3515 | Putative 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase, involved in NAD biosynthesis; Hap43p-repressed gene | 0.50 ± 0.19 |
| Cell surface | ||
| SOD5 | Cu- and Zn-containing superoxide dismutase; protects against oxidative stress | 0.08 ± 0.06 |
| SCW11 | Cell wall protein; rat catheter and Spider biofilm repressed | 0.16 ± 0.05 |
| CHT3 | Major chitinase; secreted; farnesol upregulated in biofilms; regulated by Efg1p, Cyr1p, Ras1p | 0.16 ± 0.10 |
| FGR41 | Putative GPI-anchored adhesion-like protein; transposon mutation affects filamentous growth; Spider biofilm repressed | 0.17 ± 0.08 |
| PGA44 | Putative GPI-anchored protein | 0.18 ± 0.05 |
| PGA10 | GPI-anchored membrane protein; required for RPMI biofilm formation, Bcr1 induced in biofilm | 0.19 ± 0.07 |
| PGA38 | Putative adhesion-like GPI-anchored protein | 0.20 ± 0.02 |
| PGA34 | Putative GPI-anchored protein; induced in oral pharyngeal candidiasis; flow model biofilm induced; Spider biofilm induced | 0.20 ± 0.05 |
| GPD2 | Surface protein; induced by cell wall regeneration, macrophage/pseudohypha growth; Spider biofilm induced | 0.24 ± 0.06 |
| PGA26 | GPI-anchored adhesion-like protein of the cell wall; role in cell wall integrity | 0.26 ± 0.07 |
| EXG2 | GPI-anchored cell wall protein; induced during cell wall regeneration | 0.27 ± 0.03 |
| ENG1 | Endo-1,3-beta-glucanase; flow model biofilm induced; rat catheter biofilm repressed | 0.28 ± 0.12 |
| RHD3 | GPI-anchored yeast-associated cell wall protein; induced by high iron levels | 0.30 ± 0.11 |
| PGA45 | Putative GPI-anchored cell wall protein; Mob2-dependent hyphal regulation; flow model biofilm induced | 0.30 ± 0.14 |
| CRH11 | GPI-anchored cell wall transglycosylase; predicted glycosyl hydrolase domain | 0.34 ± 0.09 |
| SIT1 | Transporter of ferrichrome siderophores; rat catheter and Spider biofilm induced | 0.35 ± 0.15 |
| PLB4.5 | Putative GPI anchor; repressed during cell wall regeneration | 0.42 ± 0.19 |
| PGA41 | Putative GPI-anchored protein; adhesion-like protein | 0.45 ± 0.03 |
a
As reported in the CGD database (http://www.candidagenome.org/). Abbreviations: ORF, open reading frame; CoA, coenzyme A.
b
Data are means ± standard deviations from three experiments.