Table 3. The association of metabolic syndrome with albuminuria and retinopathy.
| Isolated albuminuria | Isolated retinopathy | Albuminuria combined with retinopathy | ||||
| Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) | ||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| MetS (IDF) | 1.15(0.95–1.39) | 1.60(1.02–2.5)* | 1.79(0.96–3.34) | |||
| MetS (ATP III) | 1.16(0.96–1.40) | 1.53(0.98–2.38) | 1.85(0.97–3.53) | |||
| Waist circumference ≥90 cm (male), ≥80 cm (female) | 1.24(1.04–1.50)* | 1.13(0.93–1.38) | 1.59(1.02–2.48)* | 1.52(0.95–2.41) | 1.54(0.82–2.86) | 1.36(0.70–2.66) |
| Triglyceride ≥1.7 mmol/L | 1.13(0.93–1.36) | 1.03(0.84–1.26) | 0.74(0.47–1.19) | 0.57(0.35–0.94)* | 0.81(0.42–1.57) | 0.58(0.29–1.17) |
| HDL-cholesterol <1.03 mmol/L (male), <1.29 mmol/L (female) | 1.13(0.94–1.36) | 1.10(0.90–1.34) | 1.20(0.77–1.87) | 1.21(0.76–1.93) | 1.29(0.69–2.41) | 1.24(0.64–2.39) |
| Blood pressure≥130/85 mmHg | 1.49(1.22–1.82)** | 1.51(1.22–1.86)* | 1.79(1.07–3.01)* | 1.68(0.99–2.86) | 1.75(0.87–3.52) | 1.79(0.83–3.84) |
| FPG≥5.6 mmol/L | 0.90(0.75–1.08) | 0.84(0.69–1.02) | 1.71(1.06–2.74)* | 1.60(0.99–2.58) | 3.12(1.48–6.59)** | 3.04(1.37–6.74)** |
| MetS (CDS) | 1.24(1.03–1.51)* | 1.80(1.16–2.79)** | 2.02(1.09–3.77)* | |||
| BMI≥25.0 kg/m2 | 1.11(0.93–1.33) | 1.02(0.84–1.24) | 1.12(0.73–1.73) | 0.93(0.59–1.46) | 1.68(0.92–3.06) | 1.51(0.79–2.89) |
| Blood pressure≥140/90 mmHg | 1.57(1.30–1.90)** | 1.59(1.30–1.95)** | 2.31(1.42–3.77)** | 2.25(1.36–3.73)** | 1.61(0.85–3.05) | 1.45(0.73–2.89) |
| Triglyceride ≥1.7 mmol/l, or HDL-cholesterol<0.9 mmol/L(male), <1.0 mmol/L(female) | 1.18(0.98–1.42) | 1.12(0.92–1.36) | 0.90(0.58–1.41) | 0.70(0.44–1.11) | 1.00(0.53–1.89) | 0.71(0.36–1.37) |
| IGR or diabetes | 0.94(0.78–1.13) | 0.85(0.69–1.03) | 2.33(1.42–3.84)** | 2.22(1.33–3.7)** | 2.88(1.42–5.83)** | 3.17(1.45–6.93)** |
Model 1, adjusted for age and sex. Model 2, adjusted for age, sex, and all other metabolic components. CI, confidence interval. IGR, impaired glucose regulation.
*P<0.05,
**P<0.01.BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FPG, fasting plasma glucose;HDL, high density lipoprotein; IGR, impaired glucose regulation; MetS, metabolic syndrome.