Table 1.
Numbers (and percentages) of men and women in each age group at both dates with tests for significances of: gender differences for each age group at each date; differences between the three age groups for men and women at each date; and differences between the two dates for men and women in each age groupa
| 1991 | 2007 | Date difference | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 20–34 (born 1957–1971), N (%) | Age 35–49 (born 1942–1956), N (%) | Age 50–64 (born 1927–1941), N (%) | Age difference (χ 2, sig) | Age 20–34 (born 1973–1987), N (%) | Age 35–49 (born 1958–1972), N (%) | Age 50–64 (born 1943–1957), N (%) | Age difference (χ 2, sig) | Age 20–34 (χ 2, sig) | Age 35–49 (χ 2, sig) | Age 50–64 (χ 2, sig) | |
| Overall | |||||||||||
| Men—overall | 772 | 1,032 | 703 | 702 | 1,313 | 1,008 | |||||
| Women—overall | 987 | 1,127 | 681 | 939 | 1,512 | 1,147 | |||||
| Marital status | |||||||||||
| Men | |||||||||||
| Married | 583 (75.5) | 963 (93.3) | 683 (97.2) |
209.2, <0.001 |
352 (50.1) | 1,090 (83.0) | 921 (91.4) |
444.1, <0.001 |
102.1, <0.001 |
56.2, <0.001 |
23.7, <0.001 |
| Cohabiting | 189 (24.5) | 69 (6.7) | 20 (2.8) | 350 (49.9) | 223 (17.0) | 87 (8.6) | |||||
| Women | |||||||||||
| Married | 773 (78.3) | 1,065 (94.5) | 664 (97.5) |
208.0, <0.001 |
492 (52.4) | 1,277 (84.5) | 1,066 (92.9) |
558.0, <0.001 |
143.4, <0.001 |
65.2, <0.001 |
17.5, <0.001 |
| Cohabiting | 214 (21.7) | 62 (5.5) | 17 (2.5) | 447 (47.6) | 235 (15.5) | 81 (7.1) | |||||
| Gender difference (χ 2, sig) |
1.9, 0.166 |
1.3, 0.249 |
0.2, 0.688 |
0.8, 0.366 |
1.1, 0.300 |
1.8, 0.175 |
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| Gender balance of chores scale b | |||||||||||
| Men | |||||||||||
| Man does (almost) all chores | 13 (1.7) | 26 (2.5) | 11 (1.6) | 18 (2.6) | 39 (3.0) | 26 (2.6) | |||||
| Man does more chores | 43 (5.6) | 42 (4.1) | 31 (4.4) | 64 (9.1) | 88 (6.7) | 69 (6.8) | |||||
| Equally shared | 75 (9.7) | 65 (6.3) | 34 (4.8) | 125 (17.8) | 159 (12.1) | 99 (9.8) | |||||
| Woman does more chores | 277 (35.9) | 292 (28.3) | 208 (29.6) |
41.1, <0.001 |
248 (35.3) | 419 (31.9) | 288 (28.6) |
58.3 <0.001 |
38.2, <0.001 |
48.0, <0.001 |
23.7, <0.001 |
| Woman does (almost) all chores | 364 (47.2) | 607 (58.8) | 419 (59.6) | 247 (35.2) | 608 (46.3) | 526 (52.2) | |||||
| Women | |||||||||||
| Man does (almost) all chores | 7 (0.7) | 8 (0.7) | 9 (1.3) | 14 (1.5) | 22 (1.5) | 23 (2.0) | |||||
| Man does more chores | 28 (2.8) | 24 (2.1) | 17 (2.5) | 58 (6.2) | 72 (4.8) | 60 (5.2) | |||||
| Equally shared | 81 (8.2) | 54 (4.8) | 27 (4.0) | 128 (13.6) | 155 (10.3) | 95 (8.3) | |||||
| Woman does more chores | 308 (31.2) | 279 (24.8) | 188 (27.6) |
36.6, <0.001 |
300 (31.9) | 428 (28.3) | 315 (27.5) |
33.3, <0.001 |
37.6, <0.001 |
59.2, <0.001 |
24.8, <0.001 |
| Woman does (almost) all chores | 563 (57.0) | 762 (67.6) | 440 (64.6) | 439 (46.8) | 835 (55.2) | 654 (57.0) | |||||
| Gender difference (χ 2, sig) |
23.6, <0.001 |
29.2, <0.001 |
6.3, 0.180 |
25.8, <0.001 |
28.3, <0.001 |
7.1, 0.133 |
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| 1991 | 2007 | Date difference | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 20–34 (born 1957–1971), N (%) | Age 35–49 (born 1942–1956), N (%) | Age 50–64 (born 1927–1941), N (%) | Age difference (χ 2, sig) | Age 20–34 (born 1973–1987), N (%) | Age 35–49 (born 1958–1972), N (%) | Age 50–64 (born 1943–57), N (%) | Age difference (χ 2, sig) | Age 20–34 (χ 2, sig) | Age 35–49 (χ 2, sig) | Age 50–64 (χ 2, sig) | |
| Couple employment | |||||||||||
| Men | |||||||||||
| Both work | 494 (64.0) | 730 (70.7) | 329 (46.8) | 525 (74.8) | 999 (76.1) | 572 (56.7) | |||||
| Only the man works | 170 (22.0) | 206 (20.0) | 158 (22.5) | 119 (17.0) | 229 (17.4) | 198 (19.6) | |||||
| Only the woman works | 37 (4.8) | 51 (4.9) | 82 (11.7) |
166.6, <0.001 |
23 (3.3) | 27 (2.1) | 82 (8.1) |
184.0, <0.001 |
22.2, <0.001 |
18.7, <0.001 |
17.9, <0.001 |
| Neither work | 71 (9.2) | 45 (4.4) | 134 (19.1) | 35 (5.0) | 58 (4.4) | 156 (15.5) | |||||
| Women | |||||||||||
| Both work | 616 (62.4) | 810 (71.9) | 252 (37.0) | 660 (70.3) | 1,118 (73.9) | 558 (48.6) | |||||
| Only the man works | 249 (25.2) | 209 (18.5) | 163 (23.9) | 217 (23.1) | 267 (17.7) | 218 (19.0) | |||||
| Only the woman works | 41 (4.2) | 56 (5.0) | 88 (12.9) |
342.2, <0.001 |
17 (1.8) | 55 (3.6) | 116 (10.1) |
390.0, <0.001 |
22.7, <0.001 |
3.4, 0.333 |
23.8, <0.001 |
| Neither work | 81 (8.2) | 52 (4.6) | 178 (26.1) | 45 (4.8) | 72 (4.8) | 255 (22.2) | |||||
| Gender difference (χ 2, sig) |
2.9, 0.402 |
0.7, 0.864 |
16.4, 0.001 |
12.1, 0.007 |
6.7, 0.083 |
21.9, <0.001 |
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| Highest qualification | |||||||||||
| Men | |||||||||||
| None | 149 (19.3) | 350 (33.9) | 415 (59.0) | 60 (8.5) | 154 (11.7) | 315 (31.3) | |||||
| Basic secondary school | 309 (40.0) | 271 (26.3) | 136 (19.3) | 218 (31.1) | 447 (34.0) | 229 (22.7) | |||||
| University entry level | 162 (21.0) | 216 (20.9) | 72 (10.2) |
271.6, <0.001 |
210 (29.9) | 308 (23.5) | 227 (22.7) |
214.2, <0.001 |
67.1, <0.001 |
177.3, <0.001 |
145.8, <0.001 |
| University/College | 152 (19.7) | 195 (18.9) | 80 (11.4) | 214 (30.5) | 404 (30.8) | 237 (23.5) | |||||
| Women | |||||||||||
| None | 152 (15.4) | 514 (45.6) | 464 (68.1) | 65 (6.9) | 166 (11.0) | 447 (39.0) | |||||
| Basic secondary school | 526 (53.3) | 364 (32.3) | 122 (17.9) | 295 (31.4) | 621 (41.1) | 322 (28.1) | |||||
| University entry level | 177 (17.9) | 93 (8.3) | 39 (5.7) |
517.0, <0.001 |
260 (27.7) | 301 (19.9) | 149 (13.0) |
497.5, <0.001 |
192.1, <0.001 |
431.8, <0.001 |
150.8, <0.001 |
| University/College | 132 (13.4) | 156 (13.8) | 56 (8.2) | 319 (34.0) | 424 (28.0) | 229 (20.0) | |||||
| Gender difference (χ 2, sig) |
32.7, <0.001 |
94.0, <0.001 |
17.2, 0.001 |
3.6, 0.306 |
15.4, 0.001 |
46.1, <0.001 |
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| Dependent children | |||||||||||
| Men | |||||||||||
| No dependent children | 303 (39.2) | 306 (29.7) | 619 (88.1) |
613.0, <0.001 |
295 (42.0) | 367 (28.0) | 814 (80.8) |
653.2, <0.001 |
1.2, 0.279 |
0.8, 0.366 |
16.2, <0.001 |
| Any dependent children | 469 (60.8) | 726 (70.3) | 84 (11.9) | 407 (58.0) | 946 (72.0) | 194 (19.2) | |||||
| Women | |||||||||||
| No dependent children | 354 (35.9) | 400 (35.5) | 649 (95.3) |
732.7, <0.001 |
368 (39.2) | 435 (28.8) | 1,013 (88.3) |
990.0, <0.001 |
2.3, 0.132 |
13.5, <0.001 |
25.2, <0.001 |
| Any dependent children | 633 (64.1) | 727 (64.5) | 32 (4.7) | 571 (60.8) | 1,077 (71.2) | 134 (11.7) | |||||
| Gender difference (χ 2, sig) |
2.1, 0.146 |
8.3, 0.004 |
23.7, <0.001 |
1.3, 0.247 |
0.2, 0.630 |
23.8, <0.001 |
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aBasic distributions and analyses of group differences based on unweighted data
bBased on responses to four items asking who did particular household chores, each scored −1 if mostly done by the man, +1 if mostly the woman and 0 if shared or done by someone else. In this collapsed scale, ‘man does (almost) all’ = scores −4 or −3, ‘man does more’ = scores −1 or −2, equally shared = score 0, ‘woman does more’ = scores 1 or 2, ‘woman does (almost) all’ = scores 3 or 4