Risk effects of model parameters and Qo. Risk effects measure the direction and magnitude of change in the probability of host extinction, when a parameter is varied from its minimum to its maximum value. Only risk effects over 0.1 are shown; dash (—) represents lower values. Data columns 1 and 3: tadpoles suffer from infection. Data columns 2 and 4: tadpoles tolerate infection. Data columns 1 and 2: Zo sampled from 10 to 1015. Data columns 3 and 4: Zo = 0. All model parameters were sampled in their entire range, given in table 1. Similar results were obtained for the stochastic model.