Table 1.
Maternal and child background characteristics and prenatal exposure to alcohol, smoking, and marijuana by FASD diagnostic groups (N = 59)
| FAS (N = 9) | PFAS (N = 19) | Heavy exposed (N = 15) | Controls (N = 16) | F or χ2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Education (years) | 8.1 (1.7) | 6.6 (2.3) | 8.6 (2.9) | 10.6 (1.6) | 8.98*** |
| Marital status (% married) | 22.2 | 15.8 | 33.3 | 56.3 | 7.00† |
| Child characteristics | |||||
| Gender (% male) | 33.3 | 57.9 | 53.3 | 50.0 | 1.54 |
| Age at scan 1 (years) | 9.3 (0.3) | 9.4 (0.3) | 9.6 (0.6) | 9.4 (0.4) | 1.61 |
| Age at scan 2 (years) | 10.0 (0.5) | 10.5 (0.4) | 10.5 (0.3) | 10.3 (0.3) | 2.93* |
| WISC-IV IQa | 64.4 (8.6) | 64.1 (10.2) | 73.1 (8.0) | 76.4 (9.1) | 6.96*** |
| Prenatal exposure | |||||
| Cigarettes/day | 7.7 (5.7) | 7.7 (6.0) | 8.1 (7.1) | 2.2 (5.3) | 3.39* |
| Alcoholb | |||||
| Absolute alcohol/day | 1.8 (2.2) | 1.0 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.001 (0.003) | 7.55*** |
| Absolute alcohol/occasion | 4.8 (1.8) | 3.6 (1.9) | 2.7 (1.6) | 0.1 (0.3) | 23.60*** |
| Frequency (days/week) | 2.1 (1.8) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.0 (0.9) | 0.01 (0.02) | 12.65*** |
Values are mean (SD) or %. 56 children were scanned in 2009 (9 FAS, 18 PFAS, 15 heavy exposed, 14 controls), and 55 in 2010 (7 FAS, 18 PFAS, 15 heavy exposed, 12 controls)
a
Based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th Edition.
b
1 oz absolute alcohol = the equivalent of about 2 standard drinks.
†
p < .10
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001