Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics of Individual Characteristics by Dual-Eligibility Status

	Nonduals N =539,038 (77.80%)		Duals N =153,837 (22.20%)
Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Demographic characteristics
Age	80.9	7.47	79.7	8.2
Male	0.37	0.48	0.30	0.46
White	0.90	0.30	0.71	0.45
Black	0.05	0.21	0.17	0.37
Education
High school graduate	0.33	0.47	0.30	0.45
More than high school	0.36	0.48	0.21	0.41
Missing education	0.16	0.36	0.13	0.34
Residential ZIP code characteristics
Per capita income	23,096	9,477	19,330	7,437
Poverty rate	8.64	5.57	12.44	7.86
Clinical characteristics from last hospitalization
Elixhauser comorbidity index	2.45	1.33	2.59	1.33
Deyo comorbidity index	1.58	1.88	1.78	1.86
Length of stay at hospital	9.17	7.39	10.01	9.00

Note. Differences in means between duals and nonduals are all statistically significant.