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Schematic representation of intracellular pathway on ulcer healing mechanism. SAC: Artemisia or S-allyl cysteine; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic protein-1; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; IGF-1: Insulin like growth factor-1.
