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. 2014 May 8;5:3855. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4855

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(a) Cytochemical staining of anther sections show autofluorescence of sexine in wild-type and tek but not in ms188. CF, callose fluorescence; PF, pollen wall autofluorescence. Scale bars, 20 μm. (b) The enrichments of MS188 promoter were confirmed by ChIP–quantitative PCR (qPCR) with the primer sets (S1, S2, S3), suggesting MS188 is a direct target of AMS. Fold enrichment calculations from two replicates qPCR assays in three independent ChIP experiments. Error bars represent s.d. (n=3). (c) EMSA assay shows AMS is able to bind to S2 fragment in the MS188 promoter. Non-labelled competitors are able to reduce the visible shift significantly (arrow).