Table 3.

Cost-effectiveness of interventions aimed at food intake and physical activity from the Assessing Cost-Effectiveness (ACE)-Obesity and ACE-Prevention studies.

Cost-effectiveness		Intervention Classification ≠
Cost-saving †	Food Intake		Physical Activity	Food Intake & Physical Activity
	School-based education programme to reduce sugar-sweetened drink consumption [38] Reduction of advertising of unhealthy food and beverages to children [43] Front-of-pack traffic light nutrition labelling [47] Unhealthy food and beverage tax (10%) [47]			School (curriculum)-based education programme to reduce television viewing [38] Multi-faceted school (curriculum)-based programme including nutrition and physical activity [38] Family-based GP programme targeted at obese children [38] Multi-faceted targeted school-based programme for overweight and obese children [38]
Cost-effective ‡ (ICER ≤ $50,000/DALY)	Orlistat (obese adolescents µ) [38] Laparoscopic adjustable gastric for obese adults (BMI > 35) β [42] Laparoscopic adjustable gastric for obese adolescents [40] Low-fat diet for adults BMI > 25 [41]			Family-based GP programme targeted at overweight and moderately obese children [45] Multi-faceted school (curriculum)-based programme without an active physical activity component (this intervention included education on physical activity) [38] Diet and exercise for adults BMI > 25 [41]
Not cost-effective ∫ (ICER > $50,000/DALY)	Sibutramine (obese adults) * [48] Orlistat (obese adults) [48]		Walking school bus [44] TravelSMART schools α [46] Active after schools communities program [49]	Lighten up to a healthy lifestyle weight-loss programme for adults π [39] Weight Watchers [39]

Notes: ^≠ The costs included in the economic analyses are the costs of intervention implementation, delivery and the healthcare ramification costs or cost offsets. Productivity costs have not been included. ^† Interventions with net cost-effectiveness results (includes cost offsets) which are cost-saving. ^‡ Interventions with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) below the threshold value of AUD 50,000 per DALY averted. ^∫ Interventions with ICER above the threshold value of AUD 50,000 per DALY averted. ^µ Orlistat is restricted for use in adults only in Australia. ^β Results were cost-saving when the intervention was targeted at obese adults with BMI > 40. * Withdrawn from Australian in 2010. ^α School and community based intervention aimed to increase active transport. ^π Although not restricted/targeted, the majority of participants were overweight or obese.