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. 2013 Oct 3;5(1):19–26. doi: 10.1111/jdi.12124

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Copyright © 2014 Asian Association for the Study of Diabetes and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd

© 2013 The Authors. Journal of Diabetes Investigation published by Asian Association for the Study of Diabetes (AASD) and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Effect of palmitate exposure on glucose‐induced insulin secretion (GIIS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in INS‐1D cells. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 4 in each bar). After INS‐1D cells were cultured with or without various concentrations of palmitate (Palm) for 24 h, GIIS and ROS production were measured. (a) Effect of palmitate exposure on GIIS. GIIS was examined in the presence of 2 mmol/L (white bar) and 10 mmol/L glucose (black bar) for 30 min (n = 4 in each bar). *P < 0.01 vs 10 mmol/L glucose, culture without palmitate; †P < 0.01 vs 2 mmol/L glucose, culture without palmitate. (b) Effect of palmitate exposure on ROS production. After INS‐1D cells were incubated in medium containing 2 mmol/L glucose and 10 μmol/L CM‐H₂DCFDA for 60 min, ROS production was measured. ROS production was also measured using INS‐1D cells cultured with 0.6 mmol/L palmitate plus ROS scavengers (0.1 mmol/L vitamin E + 0.2 mmol/L vitamin C [Vit]) or anti‐oxidant mimics (10 mmol/L tempol [superoxide dismutase mimic] + 10 μmol/L ebselen [glutathione peroxidase mimic] [T + E]) for 24 h. Culturing with these agents suppressed enhanced ROS production by exposure to 0.6 mmol/L palmitate (n = 5 in each bar). *P < 0.01 vs culture without palmitate; †P < 0.01 vs culture with 0.6 mmol/L palmitate. (c) Effect of Src inhibitor on impaired GIIS by 0.6 mmol/L palmitate exposure. GIIS was measured in the presence of 2 mmol/L (white bar) and 10 mmol/L glucose (black bar) with or without 10 μmol/L 4‐amino‐5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐7‐(t‐butyl)pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine (PP2) for 30 min (n = 4 in each bar). *P < 0.01 vs 10 mmol/L glucose without PP2, culture without palmitate; †P < 0.01 vs 10 mmol/L glucose without PP2, culture with 0.6 mmol/L palmitate. (d) Effect of Src inhibitor on augmented ROS production by 0.6 mmol/L palmitate exposure. After INS‐1D cells were incubated in medium containing 2 mmol/L glucose and 10 μmol/L CM‐H₂DCFDA with or without 10 μmol/L PP2 for 60 min, ROS production was measured (n = 5 in each bar). *P < 0.01 vs without PP2, culture with 0.6 mmol/L palmitate. (e) Effect of Src small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) on protein expression and GIIS in INS‐1D cells cultured with palmitate. After INS‐1D cells transfected with control and Src siRNA were cultured with 0.6 mmol/L palmitate for 24 h, protein levels and GIIS were measured. Representative immunoblots were presented.