Table 1. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants utilized by rural farmers for livestock healthcare in Tikamgarh District, Bundelkhand, India.

Botanical name (Family)	Ailment/Disease	Part used	Mode of administration
Acacia nilotica Linn. (Fabaceae)	Jaundice	Flower	♦About 200 g flower grinded well and mixed with 250 mL. water, the solution so obtained is given orally twice daily for 15-20 d to animal to cure jaundice.
	Dysentery	Bark	♦The extract of bark is given to animal orally twice a day for 10-20 d to cure dysentery.
Adhatoda vasica Nees. (Acanthaceae)	Diarrhoea and dysentery	Leaf, Bark	♦Leaf juice is mixed with equal amount of bark juice of Syzygium cumini is administered thrice a day for one week to treat diarrhoea and dysentery.
Aegle marmelos ( L.) Corr. (Rutaceae)	Sun burn	Leaf, Seed	♦About 500 g fresh leaves made into paste by grinding and mixed with 100 mL. seed oil of Ricinus communis. This paste is applied over skin affected till the rest from sun burn.
Allium cepa Linn. (Liliaceae)	Removal of ecto-parasites	Bulb, Leaf	♦Bulb of onion is grinded well and mixed with 100 mL. of mustard oil and 25 g leaf ash of Musa paradisiaca. The mixture so obtained is externally applied on the skin for removal of the ecto-parasites.
	Cough	Bulb	♦Bulb paste mixed with mustard oil and administered thrice daily for one month for the treatment of cough
Asparagus racemosus Wild. (Liliaceae)	Arthritis	Root	♦About 500 g root powder given with milk for one month for the treatment of arthritis in cattle.
Argemone mexicana Linn. (Papavaraceae)	Foots infection, Rheumatism	Leaf, Fruit	♦The juice, extracted from leaves (100 g) and fruits (100 g), is applied over foots suffering from infections. Same juice is also applied over body parts of cattle for relieving pain from rheumatism.
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.(Meliaceae)	Wound	Bark	♦About 500 g bark of Azadirachta indica and 250 g bark of Acacia nilotica is grinded and mixed with water. The paste so obtained is applied over wounds till complete recovery.
Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Wild. (Poaceae)	Easier delivery	Leaf	♦The leaves (100-200) g are given to pregnant buffalo for a month twice a day to easier delivery.
	Diarrhoea	Leaf, Rhizome	♦Equal amount of rhizome and fresh leaf of bamboo is made into paste and given twice a day for 7 d to the cattle suffering from diarrhea.
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Fabaceae)	Dysurea, paralysis	Flower	♦Decoction of flowers is given to the cattle thrice in a day for one month for the treatment of dysurea and paralysis.
Calotropis procera (L.) R. Br (Asclepiadaceae)	Easier delivery	Flower	♦The paste of flower (50 g) mixed along with jaggery (100 g) and given to animal for easier delivery.
	Snake bite	Latex	♦Milky latex of plants is applied externally on snakebite to neutralized poison.
Cassia fistula Linn. (Fabaceae)	Indigestion	Pod	♦The paste of pods is given twice a day along with wheat bread to cattle in the case of indigestion.
	Improve appetite	Leaf	♦The paste of leaf is mixed along with mustard oil and given twice a day for 5 d to improve appetite.
	As purgative in severe constipation	Leaf, Ripe pod	♦The young leaves are cooked and given as purgative. Paste of ripe pods is also administered for purgative purpose.
Coriandrum sativum Linn. (Apiaceae)	Loose motion	Seed, Leaf	♦The seed powder is mixed with leaves paste of Lawsonia inermis and given twice a daily for 7 d to animal to cure loose motion.
Cynodon dactyIon (Linn.) Pers. (Poaceae)	Increasing lactation	Aerial plant	♦The aerial (0.3 kg per day) plant is given as fodder for increasing lactation and milk quality.
	Conjunctivitis	Leaf	♦One teaspoonful leaf juice is dropped in each eye in morning for three d for the treatment of conjunctivitis.
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (Fabaceae)	Stop bleeding	Leaf	♦Juice of 100 g leaves is given twice or thrice in a day for one week to stop bleeding effectively.
Datura metal Linn. (Solanaceae)	Cold	Ripen fruit	♦About 100 g are ripen frits are made in to paste and given to cattle once daily for 7 d to cure cold.
	Wounds	Leaf, Root	♦A paste is prepared from 300 g fresh leaves and 200 g roots and given to animals once daily for 7 d to stop bleeding from the wounds and early healing.
Delonix regia Linn.(Fabaceae)	Fever	Bark	♦Extract of bark is given with black pepper and garlic twice daily until cued for the treatment of fever.
Eclipta prostrata Linn.(Asteraceae)	Wounds	Leaf	♦Fresh leaves are grinded and boiled with mustard oil. The paste so obtained is applied twice daily for 10-15 d on wounds for early healing.
Feronia elephantum Linn.(Rutaceae)	Intestinal worm	Leaf	♦Fresh leaves are grinded well and mixed with 500 L of water and given to cattle once daily 10-20 d in case of intestinal worm.
Ficus benghalensis Linn. (Moraceae)	Stomachache	Root	♦About 100 g root is grinded well and given once daily for 3 to 4 d to cattle suffering from stomachache.
Ficus religiosa Linn. (Moraceae)	Tonsils	Leaf	♦The juice of leaves is used to cure tonsils.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.(Malvaceae)	Twitching	Bark	♦Bark, about 150-200 g, is grinded well and given with one liter twice daily till complete rest in case of twitching.
Holoptelia integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. (Ulmaceae)	Removal of ecto-parasites	Leaf	♦Leaf juice is applied on the skin for removal of ecto-parasites.
Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel (Sapotaceae)	Fever	Flower	♦About 100 g flower paste, 250 jaggery and 50 water is mixed and given twice daily for seven d to cure fever of cattle.
Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae)	Indigestion	Fruit	♦The paste is obtained from 50 to 100 g fruit and given along with wheat bread once or twice daily for seven day to cattle in the case of indigestion.
Mentha arvensis Linn. (Lamiaceae)	Fever	Leaf	♦The paste is obtained from 250 g leaves of Mentha arvensis and 200 g leaves of Centella asiatica and given to cattle twice in a day for 7 d to cure fever.
Moringa oleifera Lamk. (Moringaceae)	Diarrhoea, Dysentery	Leaf	♦About 100-200 g leaf paste is given twice daily for three to 5 d to cattle for quick relief from diarrhoea and dysentery.
	Rheumatism	Pod	♦The paste is prepared from 450-500 g pods and given approximate one month for relief from rheumatism.
	Ulcers	Root	♦Juice of the roots is applied on the ulcers of cattle for healing and removal of larvae of insects from it.
Musa paradisiaca Linn. (Musaceae)	Body heat	Leaf, Root	♦Young leaves and roots are given with fodder for one week to reduce body heat of cattle
Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae)	Cough, Cold	Leaf	♦The fresh leaf of Ocimum sanctum (350 g) is boiled in water (200-250) mL and the decoction so obtained is given to cure cough and cold.
Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Lamiaceae)	Removal of ecto-parasites	Leaf	♦Leaf paste is applied externally on skin of cattle for removal of ecto-parasites.
Oryza sativa L.(Poaceae)	To enhance lactation	Grain	♦Rice grains are cooked along with black gram, black salts and black pepper. The recipe so prepared is given once or twice in a day for one month to enhance lactation in cattle.
Psidium guajava Linn.(Myrtaceae)	Fever	Leaf	♦One liter decoction of fresh leaves is given twice daily till recovery to cure fever.
Ricinus communis Linn.(Euphorbiaceae)	Constipation	Seed	♦About 50 g seed is given orally with fodder for 7 d in case of constipation of cattle.
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels.(Myrtaceae)	Joint pain	Bark	♦Equal amount of bark of Syzygium cumini and Azadirachta indica is boiled in water and the decoction so prepared is spread on the affected joints in case of joints pain.
Tamarindus indica Linn.(Fabaceae)	Swelling	Leaf	♦The fresh leaves, about (400-500) g, are boiled in water and these leaves are tie up on affected part of body to cure swelling till the complete relief.
	Tongue sores	Fruit	♦The ripe fruits is made into paste and mixed with Allium sativum. The mixture so obtained is fried mildly in oil of mustard and applied on the tongue sores.
Tegetus erecta Linn. (Asteraceae)	Hydrophobia	Leaf	♦About (20-40) g leaves are boiled in 500 mL. of water and the decoction so obtained is given once in a day for a month to cattle suffering from hydrophobia.
Tribulus terrestris Linn.(Zygophyllaceae)	Colic, cough	Leaf	♦Juice of fresh leaves is given to animals in case of colic and chronic cough.
Trigonella foenum- graecum L.(Fabaceae)	Easier delivery	Seed,	♦About 100 g sprouted seed is given to pregnant animal once daily for one month for easier delivery.
	Twitching	Seed	♦About (25-30) g dried seed powder is given twice daily for 5 to 7 d to animal suffering from twitching.
Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Fabaceae)	Cough,Cold	Seed,Seed Oil	♦About 250 g seed powder is mixed with 100 mL oil of Arachis hypogea and given twice daily for 7 d to cattle suffering from cough and cold.
Zingiber officinale Rosc.(Zingiberaceae)	Physically disability	Rhizome	♦About 100 g fresh rhizomes is boiled in half liter cow milk and given to physically disable animal twice a day for 15 d.
Vitex negundo Linn. (Verbenaceae)	Diarrhoea	Leaf	♦Dried leaves mixed with fodder are given to the cattle for one week to cure diarrhoea.
Ziziphus jujuba Linn. (Rhamnaceae)	Skin burn	Leaf,Seed Oil	♦Leaf paste is mixed with oil of Linum usitatissimum and applied over the areas suffering from skin burn. This treatment is given thrice or fourth a day for one week.