Table 2.
Characteristics of mothers and cohort members before pregnancy, during pregnancy and labour, and at birth in terms of the metabolic syndrome at age 44–46 years (n=7347)
| Metabolic syndrome |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | p Value | |
| (N=5317) | (N=2030) | χ2 | |
| Variable | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Mode of delivery | 0.061 | ||
| Vaginal | 5188 (97.6) | 1968 (97.0) | |
| Emergency caesarean | 66 (1.2) | 40 (2.0) | |
| Elective caesarean | 63 (1.2) | 22 (1.1) | |
| Cohort member's gender | <0.001 | ||
| Male | 2339 (44.0) | 1350 (66.5) | |
| Female | 2978 (56.0) | 680 (33.5) | |
| Maternal age, years | 0.166 | ||
| <18 | 44 (0.8) | 25 (1.2) | |
| 18–35 | 4743 (89.3) | 1821 (89.7) | |
| >35 | 525 (9.9) | 184 (9.1) | |
| Mother's educational level | <0.001 | ||
| Low | 3751 (70.8) | 1596 (78.8) | |
| High | 1549 (29.2) | 430 (21.2) | |
| Overcrowding | 0.330 | ||
| 1–1.5 people/room | 4573 (88.4) | 1736 (87.6) | |
| ≥1.5 people/room | 599 (11.6) | 246 (12.4) | |
| Smoking after the fourth month of pregnancy | <0.001 | ||
| No | 3606 (3606) | 1289 (64.2) | |
| Yes | 1643 (31.3) | 718 (35.8) | |
| Maternal BMI before pregnancy | <0.001 | ||
| Underweight | 230 (4.6) | 82 (4.3) | |
| Normal weight | 3738 (74.2) | 1294 (67.9) | |
| Overweight | 902 (17.9) | 425 (22.3) | |
| Obesity | 171 (3.4) | 106 (5.6) | |
| Parity | 0.089 | ||
| Nulliparous | 1938 (36.5) | 785 (38.7) | |
| 1 previous pregnancy | 1716 (32.3) | 605 (29.8) | |
| ≥2 previous pregnancies | 1662 (31.3) | 640 (31.5) | |
| Problems with previous pregnancies | 0.771 | ||
| No | 4163 (78.5) | 1584 (78.2) | |
| Yes | 1143 (21.5) | 443 (21.8) | |
| Hypertensive pathology during pregnancy | <0.001 | ||
| No | 3498 (69.2) | 1256 (64.7) | |
| Yes | 1555 (30.8) | 684 (35.3) | |
| Abnormality during pregnancy | 0.554 | ||
| No | 3941 (74.2) | 1490 (73.5) | |
| Yes | 1374 (25.9) | 538 (26.5) | |
| Total number of antenatal visits | 0.163 | ||
| <5 | 230 (4.4) | 71 (3.5) | |
| 5–9 visits | 1436 (27.4) | 531 (26.5) | |
| >9 | 3579 (68.2) | 1405 (70.0) | |
| Birthweight | 0.252 | ||
| <10th centile | 374 (8.0) | 161 (9.3) | |
| 10–90th centile | 3807 (81.8) | 1413 (81.2) | |
| >90th centile | 472 (10.4) | 166 (9.5) | |
| Gestational age, weeks | 0.268 | ||
| <38 | 463 (9.6) | 196 (10.8) | |
| 38 | 383 (7.9) | 157 (8.6) | |
| 39–41 | 3414 (70.7) | 1246 (68.4) | |
| >41 | 567 (11.8) | 224 (12.3) | |
| Whether labour induced | 0.002 | ||
| No | 4666 (87.8) | 1725 (85.0) | |
| Yes | 651 (12.2) | 305 (15.0) | |
| PROM> 12 h | 0.003 | ||
| No | 4203 (85.6) | 1534 (82.7) | |
| Yes | 708 (14.4) | 321 (17.3) | |
Per cent may not add up exactly to 100 due to rounding.
BMI, body mass index; F, Fisher's exact test; PROM, premature rupture of the membranes.