TABLE 2—

Associations Between Socioeconomic Factors and Knowledge of the World Health Organization Danger Signs for Severe Pneumonia and Severe Diarrhea: San Marcos, Guatemala, 2008–2009

Characteristic	No. of Mothers Knowing WHO Danger Signsa (%)	OR (95% CI)	P	AOR (95% CI)	P
Severe pneumonia
Municipality
Comitancillo	353 (29.4)	1.00 (Ref)		1.00 (Ref)
San Lorenzo	150 (37.2)	1.42 (1.13, 1.81)	.003	1.32 (0.95, 1.86)	.1
Ethnicity
Ladino	44 (40.4)	1.00 (Ref)		1.00 (Ref)
Indigenous	458 (30.7)	0.66 (0.44, 0.98)	.04	0.94 (0.58, 1.52)	.81
Language at home
Mam only	367 (29.9)	1.00 (Ref)		1.0
Spanish	87 (35.7)	1.29 (0.97, 1.73)	.08	0.93 (0.72, 1.21)	.6
Mother literate
Yes	332 (31.6)	1.00 (Ref)
No	171 (30.9)	0.98 (0.84, 1.14)	.76
Mother’s education
None	134 (29.5)	1.00 (Ref)
Elementary	266 (31.0)	1.07 (0.84, 1.38)	.58
> elementary	103 (35.2)	1.30 (0.95, 1.77)	.11
Previous death of child
No	466 (31.6)	1.00 (Ref)
Yes	37 (28.5)	0.86 (0.58, 1.28)	.46
Possess phone
Yes	392 (32.6)	1.00 (Ref)		1.00 (Ref)
No	111 (27.7)	0.79 (0.62, 1.02)	.07	0.83 (0.63, 1.10)	.2
Overcrowding
No	265 (32.2)	1.00 (Ref)
Yes	238 (30.4)	0.92 (0.75, 1.14)	.45
Someone to look after family in emergency
No	108 (27.0)	1.00 (Ref)		1.00 (Ref)
Yes	395 (32.8)	1.21 (1.01, 1.45)	.03	0.79 (0.58, 1.03)	.09
Employment status of head of household
Farmer	73 (34.8)	1.00 (Ref)
Laborer	276 (30.1)	0.81 (0.59, 1.11)	.19
Self-employed	41 (31.8)	0.87 (0.55, 1.40)	.57
Other	106 (33.9)	0.94 (0.64, 1.36)	.73
Access to transport
None	366 (31.4)	1.00 (Ref)
Bike or mortorcycle	100 (30.3)	0.95 (0.73, 1.24)	.71
Car or pickup truck	37 (34.3)	1.14 (0.84, 1.30)	.54
Asset indexb
Score 0–1	300 (31.0)	1.00 (Ref)
Score 2–3	203 (31.9)	1.04 (0.84, 1.30)	.69
Distance from town: 1 km closer		1.02 (0.99, 1.05)	.07	1.02 (0.98, 1.05)	.32
Severe diarrhea
Municipality
Comitancillo	367 (30.5)	1.00 (Ref)		1.00 (Ref)
San Lorenzo	144 (35.7)	1.27 (0.99, 1.61)	.05	1.09 (0.80, 1.48)	.58
Ethnicity
Ladino	45 (40.9)	1.00 (Ref)		1.00 (Ref)
Indigenous	465 (31.2)	0.65 (0.44, 0.97)	.04	0.74 (0.47, 1.16)	.19
Language at home
Mam only	385 (31.4)	1.00 (Ref)
Spanish	80 (32.8)	1.07 (0.79, 1.43)	.67
Mother literate
Yes	341 (32.5)	1.00 (Ref)
No	169 (30.5)	1.10 (0.88, 1.37)	.42
Mother’s education
None	137 (30.2)	1.00 (Ref)
Elementary	274 (31.9)	1.09 (0.85, 1.39)	.51
> elementary	100 (34.1)	1.20 (0.88, 1.64)	.26
Previous death of child
No	465 (31.5)	1.00 (Ref)
Yes	46 (35.4)	1.18 (0.82, 1.73)	.37
Possess phone
Yes	394 (32.7)	1.00 (Ref)		1.00 (Ref)
No	117 (29.2)	0.85 (0.66, 1.08)	.19	0.81 (0.62, 1.06)	.12
Overcrowding
No	268 (32.6)	1.00 (Ref)
Yes	243 (31.1)	0.93 (0.76, 1.15)	.52
Someone to look after family in emergency
No	120 (30.0)	1.00 (Ref)
Yes	391 (32.4)	1.08 (0.91, 1.28)	.36
Employment status of head of household
Farmer	69 (32.9)	1.00 (Ref)
Laborer	284 (31.0)	0.92 (0.67, 1.27)	.6
Self-employed	41 (31.8)	0.95(0.16, 1.52)	.84
Other	111 (34.9)	1.10 (0.76, 1.59)	.63
Access to transport
None	380 (32.6)	1.00 (Ref)
Bike or motorcycle	96 (29.1)	0.85 (0.65, 1.11)	.23
Car or pickup truck	35 (32.4)	0.99 (0.65, 1.51)	.97
Asset indexb
Score 0–1	323 (33.3)	1.00 (Ref)		1.00 (Ref)
Score 2–3	188 (29.6)	0.84 (0.67, 1.04)	.11	0.70 (0.50, 0.96)	.03
Distance from town: 1 km closer		1.03 (0.99, 1.06)	.06	1.02 (0.99, 1.06)	.17

Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; WHO = World Health Organization. Mam is the local Mayan language.

^aIncludes the WHO general danger signs and those specific to the disease.

^bBased on radio, TV, or refrigerator ownership.