Table 1.
Demographic, Hormonal, and Dietary Characteristics of BioCycle Participants
| Total Cohort | Average Fiber Intake (g/day) | p-valueb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 10 | 10.01–16 | 16.01 – 21.99 | ≥22 | |||
| Number of menstrual cycles | 509 | 155 | 228 | 85 | 41 | |
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| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, yrs; mean (SD) | 27.5 (8.2) | 25.9 (8.0) | 27.9 (8.4) | 29.5 (8.0) | 27.0 (8.0) | 0.01 |
| BMI, kg/m2; mean (SD) | 24.1 (3.9) | 24.5 (3.8) | 24.0 (3.9) | 24.0 (3.8) | 22.8 (4.3) | 0.09 |
| Physical Activity, n (%)a | 0.19 | |||||
| Low | 48 (9.4) | 17 (11.9) | 24 (10.5) | 3 (3.6) | 4 (9.8) | |
| Moderate | 182 (35.8) | 51 (33.6) | 74 (32.5) | 38 (45.2) | 19 (46.3) | |
| High | 278 (54.7) | 86 (55.3) | 130 (57.0) | 44 (51.2) | 18 (43.9) | |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Caucasian | 302 (59.3) | 63 (40.8) | 142 (62.3) | 64 (75.0) | 33 (80.5) | |
| African-American | 101 (19.8) | 57 (36.8) | 34 (14.9) | 7 (8.3) | 3 (7.3) | |
| Other | 106 (20.8) | 35 (22.4) | 52 (22.8) | 14 (16.7) | 5 (12.2) | |
| ≤ High School Education, n (%) | 64 (12.6) | 26 (17.1) | 31 (13.6) | 6 (7.1) | 2 (4.9) | 0.02 |
| Nulliparous, n (%) | 367 (74) | 120 (81) | 161 (71) | 55 (66) | 31 (76) | 0.07 |
| Never Smoker, n (%) | 415 (81.5) | 133 (85.8) | 185 (81.1) | 65 (77.4) | 32 (80.5) | 0.40 |
| Past Oral Contraceptive User, n (%) | 276 (54.2) | 73 (48.7) | 123(54.0) | 52 (61.9) | 27 (65.9) | 0.05 |
| Cycle Length, days; mean (SD) | 28.8 (4.1) | 28.7 (4.0) | 28.9 (4.4) | 28.9 (3.8) | 28.9 (3.2) | 0.27 |
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| Reproductive Hormones; Median (Q1, Q3) | ||||||
| Estrogen, pg/mL | 84.6 (65.4, 108.6) | 95.2 (71.3, 116.4) | 82.2 (64.3, 108.2) | 78.5 (65.2, 105.0) | 65.6 (51.7, 89.3) | <0.001 |
| LH, ng/mL | 10.3 (7.2, 14.7) | 10.4 (7.0, 14.5) | 10.7 (7.5, 15.4) | 10.0 (7.2, 13.4) | 8.2 (6.1, 12.5) | 0.26 |
| FSH, mIU/mL | 6.8 (5.3, 8.5) | 6.9 (5.4, 8.5) | 6.8 (5.3, 8.7) | 7.2 (5.3, 8.7) | 6.0 (5.0, 7.4) | 0.77 |
| Luteal Progesterone, ng/mL | 5.6 (3.3, 8.2) | 5.3 (3.6, 8.1) | 5.9 (3.8, 8.4) | 5.6 (2.9, 8.3) | 4.1 (1.7, 7.1) | 0.05 |
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| Dietary Variables; Mean (SD) | ||||||
| Calories, kcal | 1608.1 (405.0) | 1381.7 (318.2) | 1615.2 (356.7) | 1840.2 (415.6) | 1943.3 (426.9) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate, % | 50.9 (8.2) | 49.1 (7.8) | 50.5 (8.2) | 52.4 (8.2) | 56.8 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Protein, % | 15.7 (3.4) | 15.9 (3.6) | 16.0 (3.3) | 15.4 (3.7) | 14.6 (2.7) | 0.08 |
| Total Fat, % | 33.9 (6.3) | 35.1 (6.3) | 33.7 (6.1) | 33.4 (6.7) | 30.9 (5.6) | 0.002 |
| MUFA, g/day | 23.1 (8.4) | 20.8 (6.8) | 22.8 (7.8) | 25.8 (9.7) | 27.1 (11.3) | <0.001 |
| PUFA, g/day | 12.8 (5.3) | 10.9 (4.1) | 12.8 (4.7) | 14.8 (6.3) | 16.3 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| SFA, g/day | 21.3 (8.5) | 19.0 (6.5) | 21.4 (8.1) | 24.8 (10.6) | 21.5 (9.7) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 209.4 (115.7) | 212.4 (102.7) | 210.2 (112.8) | 210.5 (147.7) | 191.2 (105.4) | 0.77 |
| Total Fiber, g/day | 13.6 (6.0) | 8.0 (1.4) | 12.9 (1.7) | 18.5 (1.6) | 28.1 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Insoluble Fiber, g/day | 9.6 (4.7) | 5.4 (1.1) | 9.0 (1.5) | 13.4 (1.8) | 21.0 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Soluble Fiber, g/day | 3.8 (1.4) | 2.5 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.7) | 4.9 (0.9) | 6.8 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Vegetable Fiber, g/day | 4.9 (3.0) | 3.3 (1.5) | 4.5 (2.1) | 6.5 (2.5) | 9.9 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Fruit Fiber, g/day | 2.3 (1.9) | 1.1 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.7) | 3.1 (2.1) | 4.6 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Grain Fiber, g/day | 5.6 (3.1) | 3.4 (1.3) | 5.4 (2.0) | 7.5 (2.5) | 10.7 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Soy Protein, g/day | 21.4 (8.1) | 14.8 (3.8) | 20.8 (4.5) | 27.8 (6.7) | 36.2 (9.7) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SD, standard deviation; SFA, saturated fatty acids.
a
One missing value.
b
Two-sided P-values were calculated using generalized linear mixed models. All comparisons take repeated measures and correlations between cycles into account.