Table 2.

Identified microenvironmental effects of TGFβ inhibitors in preclinical tumour models

Drug name	Cancers tested	Microenvironmental effects	Refs
TGFβ ligand trap
P144	Melanoma	Increased dendritic cell, natural killer cell and T cell activity	144
1D11	Lung, breast and glioblastoma	Increased natural killer cell infiltration and CD8+ T cell-mediated tumour cell killing Decreased blood vessel area	119,145, 146
TGFβ antisense
AP12009	Pancreatic	Increased immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity	123
Receptor inhibitors
GW788388	Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Decreased fibroblast activation Decreased vascular development	147
LY2109761	Hepatocellular carcinoma and glioblastoma	Decreased angiogenesis Increased pericyte coverage	148,149
LY364947	Glioblastoma	Increased vascular permeability	146
LY3022859	Breast, pancreas and colon	Increased natural killer cell and cytotoxic T cell-mediated tumour cell killing Decreased TReg cell presence Decreased MDSC infiltration	126
SB431542	Breast	Increased dendritic cell maturation	98
SD-208	Breast cancer bone metastasis and glioma	Decreased osteoclast differentiation Increased immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity	127
SX-007	Glioma	Increased presence of CD3+ T cells	150
SM-16	Lung	Increased number of activated CD8+ T cells Increased presence of CD4+ T cells	151

MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; T_Reg, regulatory T.