Table 1.
Socio-demographic and other characteristics of the study subjects, Seattle and Tacoma, Washington, USA
| Characteristics | GDM Cases (N=55) | Control Subjects (N=43) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 34.6 ± 4.6 | 32.6 ± 4.8 | 0.04 |
| Age (years) | |||
| 20-29 | 6 (10.9) | 9 (20.9) | 0.37 |
| 30-34 | 21 (38.2) | 19 (44.2) | |
| 35-39 | 21 (38.2) | 11 (25.6) | |
| ≥40 | 7 (12.7) | 4 (9.3) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 38 (69.1) | 37 (86.0) | 0.005 |
| African American | 2 (3.6) | 4 (9.3) | |
| Other | 15 (27.3) | 2 (4.7) | |
| Less than 12 years of education | 1 (1.8) | 3 (7.0) | 0.32 |
| Single marital status | 8 (14.6) | 3 (7.0) | 0.34 |
| Nulliparous | 26 (47.3) | 27 (62.8) | 0.13 |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 3 (5.5) | 0 (0.0) | --- |
| Consumed prenatal vitamins | 54 (98.2) | 41 (95.4) | 0.58 |
| No leisure time exercise during pregnancy | 9 (16.4) | 4 (9.3) | 0.38 |
| History of chronic hypertension | 6 (10.9) | 3 (7.0) | 0.73 |
| Family history of hypertension | 34 (61.8) | 24 (55.8) | 0.55 |
| Family history of diabetes | 13 (23.6) | 8 (18.6) | 0.55 |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 6.3 | 23.2 ± 3.8 | 0.006 |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | |||
| Lean (<18.5) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (4.6) | 0.11 |
| Normal (18.5-24.9) | 27 (49.1) | 30 (69.8) | |
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 20 (36.4) | 8 (18.6) | |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 7 (12.7) | 3 (7.0) | |
| Gestational age at urine collection (wks) | 16.4 ± 2.2 | 16.7 ± 2.4 | 0.51 |
| Gestational age at delivery (wks) | 38.2 ± 2.1 | 38.7 ± 1.8 | 0.24 |
| Infant birth weight (g) | 3486 ± 604 | 3273 ± 553 | 0.08 |
| Macrosomia (infant birth weight ≥4000g) | 14 (25.5) | 3 (7.0) | 0.03 |
| Multiple birth | 5 (9.1) | 3 (7.0) | 0.70 |
| Maternal early pregnancy urine 8-OHdG (ng/mg creatinine) | 7.98 ± 4.12 | 6.31 ± 2.49 | 0.02 |
Presented as in mean ± SD, or number (%)