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Upregulation of Rcan1-4 and CREM-IbΔC-X mRNA in AF patients. The level of Rcan1-4 (A), Mef2c (B), and CREM-IbΔC-X (C) mRNA normalized to L7 in atrial samples from patients. Independent experiments using separate sets of randomly chosen sinus rhythm (Ctl) samples were used to compare with paroxysmal AF (pAF) and chronic AF (cAF) samples. Numbers in the bars indicate the number of patients studied. *P<0.05.
